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(10%) were dead but not obviously malformed. The mechanismof malformation or death is unknown and could not be determinedfrom the x-rays. In addition, one adult frog recovered from a sitemore than 4 km NNW of the metamorph malformation site wasmissing a hind limb.Discussion.—The lack of Bd detection does not demonstrateabsence from DNP. The low sample size at each site, between 1and 7 animals, greatly reduces the probability and confidence levelof Bd detection at each site. Bd prevalence varies with a numberof abiotic (Berger et al. 2004; Drew et al. 2006) and biotic (Careyet al. 2003) factors. The effect of season (Berger et al. 2004), altitude(Young et al. 2001; Collins et al. 2003), rainfall (Collins et al.2003), and temperature (Collins et al. 2003) are implicated in Bdoutbreaks. Amphibians also exhibit differential sensitivity to Bdinfection depending on life stage (Blaustein et al. 2005; Garcia etal. 2006). Bd may be less detectable in newly metamorphosed frogs(J. E. Johnson, unpublished), and may not be reliably detected insome species until two to three weeks after metamorphosis (C.Carey, pers. comm.). Pearl et al. (2007) reported a comparablesample size of juvenile frogs (N = 29) and detected Bd in 34.5%of their samples. However, they report fewer Bd detections in thesummer months (6.15%) compared to the winter months (38.6%)which suggests sampling during the breeding season may improvethe likelihood of Bd detection. An assay of a greater sample sizeof Wood Frogs across all life stages in DNP will better assess Bdprevalence.Acknowledgments.—Funding was provided by the Denali Foundationand Denali Education Center. National Park Service staff at Denali NationalPark provided support including L.Tyrell, T. Meier, B. Burnell, B.Napier, C. Lane, M. Nickley, J. Caufield, H.and P. Hassinger, D. Tomeo,Cotton, and Steve. We thank J. and S. Hamm, L. and L. Cole, W. and J.Cole of Camp Denali and North Face Lodge for logistical support andallowing surveys of their property, H. Anderson, M. Reeves, M. Purdue,D. Metcalf, A. Ambros, A. Schwaub, D. Saffir, Z. Huff, and P. Hassingerfor field assistance, C. Crisafulli, G. Hokit, D. Olson, H. Shuford, C.Shuford, C. Apodaca, J. O’Donnell, and E. Lund for logistical supportand equipment, and S. Kim Martin, DVM, for x-rays. The manuscriptwas improved by comments from M. Reeves, D. Olson, H. Purdom, V.Vredenburg, and one anonymous reviewer. K. Christiansen assisted withFig. 1. All animals in this study were treated in compliance with institutionalanimal care guidelines. We obtained appropriate research permitsto do this work.LITERATURE CITEDADAMS, M. J., S. GALVAN, D. REINITZ, R. A. COLE, AND S. PYARE. 2008.Incidence of the fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, in amphibianpopulations along the Northwest Coast of North America. Herpetol.Rev. 39:430–431.ANNIS, S. L., F. DASTOOR, H. ZIEL, P. DASZAK, AND J. E. LONGCORE. 2004. ADNA-based assay identifies Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in amphibians.J. Wildl. Dis. 40:420–428.BERGER, L., R. SPEARE, H. HINES, G. MARANTELLI, A. D. HYATT, K. R.MCDONALD, L. F. SKERRATT, V. OLSEN, J. M. CLARKE, G. GILLESPIE, M.MAHONEY, N. SHEPPARD, C. WILLIAMS, AND M. TYLER. 2004. Effect ofseason and temperature on mortality in amphibians due tochytridiomycosis. Aust. Vet. J. 82:31–36.BLAUSTEIN, A. R., J. M. ROMANSIC, E. A. SCHEESSELE, B. A. HAN, A. P.PESSIER, AND J. E. LONGCORE. 2005. Interspecific variation in susceptibilityof frog tadpoles to the pathogenic fungus Batrachochytriumdendrobatidis. Conserv. Biol. 19:1460–1468.BOYLE, D. G., D. B. BOYLE, V. OLSEN, J. A. T. MORGAN, AND A. D. HYATT.2004. Rapid quantitative detection of chytridiomycosis(Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis) in amphibian samples using realtimeTaqman PCR assay. Dis. Aquat. Org. 60:141–148.CAREY, C., D. F. BRADFORD, J. L. BRUNNER, J. P. COLLINS, E. W. DAVIDSON,J. E. LONGCORE, M. OUELLET, A. P. PESSIER, AND D. M. SCHROCK. 2003.Biotic factors in amphibian population declines. In G. Linder, S. K.Krest, and D. W. Sparling (eds.), Amphibian decline: an integratedanalysis of multiple stressor events. Soc. Environ. Toxicol. Chem2003:153–208.COLLINS, J. P., J. L. BRUNNER, V. MIERA, M. J. PARRIS, D. M. SCHOCK, ANDA. STORFER. 2003. Ecology and evolution of infectious disease. In R.D. Semlitsch (ed.), Amphibian Conservation, pp 137–151. SmithsonianInstitution, Washington, D.C.DREW, A., E. J. ALLEN, AND L. J. ALLEN. 2006. Analysis of climatic andgeographic factors affecting the presence of chytridiomycosis in Australia.Dis. Aq. Org. 68:245–250.GARCIA, T. S., J. M. ROMANSIC, AND A. R. BLAUSTEIN. 2006. Survival ofthree species of anuran metamorphs exposed to UV-B radiation andthe pathogenic fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. Dis. Aq. Org.72:163–169.HOKIT, D. G., AND A. BROWN. 2006. Distribution patterns of wood frogs(Rana sylvatica) in Denali National Park. Northwest. Nat. 87:128–137.OLSON, D. H., W. P. LEONARD, AND R. B. BURY (EDS.). 1997. SamplingAmphibians in Lentic Habitats: Methods and Approaches for the PacificNorthwest. Society for Northwestern Vertebrate Biology, NorthwestFauna Series Number 4:1–134.OUELLET, M., I. MIKAELIAN, B. D. PAULI, J. RODRIGUE, AND D. M. GREEN.2005. Historical evidence of widespread chytrid infection in NorthAmerican amphibian populations. Conserv. Biol. 19:1431–1440.PEARL, C. A., E. L. BULL, D. E. GREEN, J. BOWERMAN, M. J. ADAMS, A.HYATT, AND W. H. WENTE. 2007. Occurrence of the amphibian pathogenBatrachochytrium dendrobatidis in the Pacific Northwest. J. Herpetol.41:145–149.REEVES, M. K. 2008. Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in wood frogs (Ranasylvatica) from three national wildlife refuges in Alaska, USA. Herpetol.Rev. 39:68–70.––––––, AND D. E. GREEN. 2006. Rana sylvatica (wood frog). Chytridiomycosis.Herpetol. Rev. 37:450.RETALLICK, R. W. R., V. MIERA, K. L. RICHARDS, K. J. FIELD, AND J. P.COLLINS. 2006. A non-lethal technique for detecting the chytrid fungusBatrachochytrium dendrobatidis on tadpoles. Dis. Aq. Org. 72:77–85.WRIGHT, A. H. AND A. A. WRIGHT. 1995. Handbook of Frogs and Toads ofthe United States and Canada. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NewYork.YOUNG, B. E., K. R. LIPS, J. K. REASER, R. IBANEZ, A. W. SALAS, J. R.CEDENO, L. A. COLOMA, S. R. RON, E. L. MARCA, J. L. MEYER, A. MUNOZ,F. BOLANOS, G. CHAVES, AND D. ROMO. 2001. Population declines andpriorities for amphibian conservation in Latin America. Conserv. Biol.15:1213–1223.ZOLAN, M. E. AND P. J. PUKKILA. 1986. Inheritance of DNA methylation inCoprinus cinereus. Mol. Cell. Biol. 6:195–200.204 <strong>Herpetological</strong> <strong>Review</strong> 39(2), 2008

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