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BROOKS, PHILLIPS 177reunion churches. Poor health forced him to retire from full-time academic workin 1910, and he died three years later at his seminary residence in New York.BibliographyA. The Authority of Holy Scripture: An Inaugural Address (New York, 1891); The Bible,the Church, and the Reason: The Three Great Fountains of Divine Authority (NewYork, 1892); The Messiah of the Gospels (New York, 1894); The Messiah of theApostles (New York, 1895); General Introduction to the Study of Holy Scripture(New York, 1899); History of the Study of Theology, 2 vols. (New York, 1916).B. ACAB 1, 374; ANB 3, 535–36; DAB 3, 40–41; DARB, 76–77; DCA, 188; EARH, 80–82; EDC, 58–59; MCTA, 319–23; NCAB 7, 318–19; NCE 2, 802; SH 2, 270–71;NYT, 9 June 1913; Max Gray Rogers, “Charles Augustus Briggs: Heresy at Union,”in American Religious Heretics, ed. George H. Shriver (Nashville, 1966); MarkStephen Massa, Charles Augustus Briggs and the Crisis of Historical Criticism(Minneapolis, Minn., 1990); Richard L. Christiansen, The Ecumenical Orthodoxyof Charles Augustus Briggs (Lewiston, N.Y., 1995).BROOKS, PHILLIPS (13 December 1835, Boston–23 January 1893, Boston).Education: B.A., Harvard College, 1855; B.D., Virginia Theological Seminary,1859. Career: Rector, Church of the Advent, Philadelphia, 1859–62; rector, HolyTrinity Church, Philadelphia, 1862–69; rector, Trinity Church, Boston, 1869–91;bishop, diocese of Massachusetts, 1891–93.Arguably the greatest preacher in the history of the Episcopal Church, PhillipsBrooks was born in Boston in 1835. After his ordination in 1859, he served inPhiladelphia for 10 years as rector of two different parishes. Returning to Bostonin 1869, he began a lengthy and highly successful tenure at Trinity Church. Aftertheir church building was destroyed by the fire that devastated downtown Bostonin 1872, Brooks and the Trinity congregation relocated to the city’s newly developedBack Bay section. At that site, he oversaw the construction of a magnificentbuilding designed by the architect H. H. Richardson. Constructed in aRomanesque rather than Gothic revival style, the new church in Copley Squarefeatured a massive pulpit that provided an impressive setting for Brooks’s preaching.Thoroughly devoted to the parish ministry, Brooks declined offers to serveas dean of the Episcopal Theological School (1866) and as professor and chaplainat his alma mater, Harvard University (1881), and he remained at Trinity Churchfor over 20 years.During the Civil War, Brooks loyally supported the Union war effort andpressed for the abolition of slavery. Although he was hardly radical in his ownpolitical views, he was very critical of his fellow Episcopalians in the North whorefused either to condemn secession or to discuss the social issues that had led tothe outbreak of war. His sermon following the assassination of the sixteenth president,“The Character, Life, and Death of Abraham Lincoln,” brought him accoladesfrom across the United States. He also gained national attention with hispoem, “O Little Town of Bethlehem,” written for the Sunday school children of