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216HINMAN, SAMUEL DUTTONcopalians to meet the challenges of the modern day. A liberal evangelical, heemphasized the need not only to have “a real and saving encounter with JesusChrist as Savior” but also to become involved in the process of social changeduring the “most unpredictable, exciting and frightening era in recorded history.”Between 1965 and 1974, Hines encouraged important changes both in thechurch’s internal structure and in its outward focus. During this period, he supportedthe civil rights movement, liturgical renewal, ecumenical participation, theordination of women, and other progressive causes. His commitment to socialchange was most evident in his response to the crisis in American cities in thelate 1960s. In his opening address to the 1967 General Convention, Hines summonedthe members of his church to reorder their priorities by making a substantialcommitment to the economic empowerment of African Americans andother poor people in the United States. The convention quickly approved Hines’sambitious proposal and committed $9 million over three years to what becameknown as the General Convention Special Program (GCSP). The operations ofGCSP began in 1968. Despite the program’s many accomplishments, however, itsoon provoked a bitter controversy within the Episcopal Church. Faced with astrong backlash by conservatives against the social ministry of their denomination,the church’s national leadership first curtailed the work of GCSP in 1970and then terminated the program entirely in 1973. During that same period, Hineshimself was subjected to continual abuse, and he eventually chose to cut shorthis term as presiding bishop. When he retired prematurely in the spring of 1974,the editors of Christian Century remarked that he had ridden “the bucking broncoof a polarized church during one of the most controversial decades in Americanhistory.”After his retirement, Hines moved to western North Carolina, where he livedfor nearly 20 years. In poor health, he remained in semi-reclusion, preaching orserving as a guest lecturer on only a few occasions. In 1993 he returned to thediocese of Texas and settled in Austin, where he died in 1997.BibliographyA. Papers at AEC; “Sermon, 1967,” in DW, 508–10; Christ Church Sermons (Houston,Tex., 1946); Focus on the Cross: Twelve Sermons (Atlanta, 1967); Thy KingdomCome (New York, 1967); The Prophetic Vision of John E. Hines (Cincinnati, 1993).B. EDC, 243; ERS, 324–25; NYT, 22 July 1997; Kenneth Kesselus, John E. Hines: Graniteon Fire (Austin, Tex., 1995).HINMAN, SAMUEL DUTTON (1839, Pittsburgh, Pa.–24 March 1890, BirchCoulee, Minn.). Education: Studied at Cheshire Academy, Connecticut; graduatedfrom Seabury Divinity School, Faribault, Minn., 1860. Career: Missionary to theDakota Indians in Minnesota, Nebraska, and South Dakota, 1860–90.Samuel Hinman, a missionary to the Dakota Indians, was born in Pittsburghin 1839. Orphaned at an early age, he moved west and eventually studied under