Equity in School Water and Sanitation
Equity in School Water and Sanitation
Equity in School Water and Sanitation
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EQUITY IN SCHOOL WATER AND SANITATIONorder to be able to assess gender parity ordifferences between gender related practices visà-viswater <strong>and</strong> sanitation <strong>in</strong> schools.3. Facilities/<strong>in</strong>frastructure: <strong>School</strong>s which werereported to have good water <strong>and</strong> sanitationfacilities <strong>and</strong> where some focused work had beendone to <strong>in</strong>tegrate water <strong>and</strong> sanitation <strong>and</strong> relatededucation would be preferred. This was essentialto explore <strong>in</strong>clusion/exclusion related to water <strong>and</strong>sanitation. S<strong>in</strong>ce, accord<strong>in</strong>g to secondary datasources, a majority of the schools <strong>in</strong> both thedistricts had reported the existence of toilets forall <strong>and</strong> dedicated dr<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g water sources with<strong>in</strong>the school, <strong>in</strong>formation available with UNICEF <strong>in</strong>UP was relied upon to make a purposive sampleof the villages. 174. Village development classification: Selectedschools would be from a mix of Nirmal Grams 18<strong>and</strong> Ambedkar Villages 19 (as these are likely tothrow up evidence of good practices) <strong>and</strong> regularvillages (where sites are likely to provide evidenceof exclusion).5. Villages with different types of schools: In orderto capture the range of schools (primary, upperprimary, <strong>and</strong> high school, girls only <strong>and</strong> coeducational),a special effort would be made toidentify such villages as would enable selection ofdifferent k<strong>in</strong>ds of schools. Secondary schools were<strong>in</strong>cluded <strong>in</strong> the sample <strong>in</strong> order to underst<strong>and</strong>exclusion related issues of adolescent girls <strong>and</strong> boys.One block each was selected <strong>in</strong> the two districts –Jakhora block <strong>in</strong> Lalitpur, <strong>and</strong> Rajgarh block <strong>in</strong>Mirzapur. Six sites (villages) were thereafteridentified <strong>in</strong> each of these. Village selection wasbased on available data, <strong>and</strong> this selection wasfurther f<strong>in</strong>e-tuned with the help of UNICEF projectpersonnel who had <strong>in</strong>-depth knowledge of thearea. This short list was discussed with localgovernment (WATSAN) officials <strong>and</strong> projectpersonnel from UP State <strong>Water</strong>Aid. 20 Areconnaissance visit was made to the two blocks,<strong>and</strong> the villages <strong>and</strong> schools which would be<strong>in</strong>cluded <strong>in</strong> the sample were subsequently firmedup (see Table 4 for <strong>in</strong>formation about villages).Table 4 Basic <strong>in</strong>formation about the village sites of the studyMirzapurVillage MS1 MS2 MS3 MS4 MS5 MS6Households134546431721306111Total population8153,6212,8364,5322,243771Males4241,8591,4982,3611,180394Females3911,7621,3382,1711,063377Population 0-6146743519824479180Male7337825941825897Female7336526040622183SC population/%204/25454/12.5575/20.27307/7589/26.25340/44SC Male103245312182319166SC Female101209263175270174Sex ratio922947842919900957Male literacy72.9384.6778.9377.3569.6363.97Female literacy43.855.6252.2246.6841.6830.61Gender gap29.8529.0526.730.628.6433.31217MS4 is on the border of Rajgarh <strong>and</strong> Narayanpur blocks.Inputs were taken on the school sanitation programme from government officials/local UNICEF <strong>and</strong> <strong>Water</strong>Aid personnel.18A Nirmal Gram is a village which has achieved total sanitation <strong>in</strong> its comm<strong>and</strong> area. It is an ‘open-defecation-free’ village whereall houses, schools, <strong>and</strong> ICDS centres (Anganwadis) are supposed to have sanitary toilets.19The Ambedkar Village programme is serviced by 13 different development programmes <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g rural <strong>in</strong>frastructure development,social securities, better health services <strong>and</strong> family welfare, hygienic liv<strong>in</strong>g conditions, employment generation, scholarships <strong>and</strong>l<strong>and</strong> reforms.20<strong>Water</strong>Aid has carried out sanitation related <strong>in</strong>terventions <strong>in</strong> 20 schools of Jakhora block, of which the team f<strong>in</strong>ally selected 3 PS<strong>and</strong> 3 UPS schools.