EQUITY IN SCHOOL WATER AND SANITATIONTable 5 Overview of research toolsToolNo Tool descriptionWhat it seeks to do Key <strong>in</strong>formants1A. Elementary LevelB. High <strong>School</strong>C. Basic <strong>in</strong>formation about the villageChecklist of physical facilities<strong>in</strong> village <strong>and</strong> schools, basic<strong>in</strong>formation on enrolment/dropoutof students. From schoolrecords<strong>School</strong> level observation <strong>and</strong>village observation2Semi-structured <strong>in</strong>-depth <strong>in</strong>terviewsExplore <strong>in</strong>terl<strong>in</strong>kages betweenwater, sanitation <strong>and</strong>education, exclusion/<strong>in</strong>clusion<strong>in</strong> village/schoolHeadteacher, one teacher <strong>in</strong> theschool who h<strong>and</strong>les WATSANprogramme (if any), <strong>and</strong> onewoman teacher3Focus Group Discussions:3A: Adolescent girls (<strong>in</strong> school)3B: Adolescent girls (out of school)3C: Adolescent boys (<strong>in</strong> school)3D: Adolescent boys (out of school)3E: Village level committee members – <strong>School</strong>Management Committee (SMC)/VillageEducation Community (VEC), WATSAN, etc.3F: Community leader (preferably from the mostdisadvantaged social group <strong>in</strong> the village)Explore <strong>in</strong>terl<strong>in</strong>kages betweenwater, sanitation <strong>and</strong>education, exclusion/<strong>in</strong>clusion<strong>in</strong> village/schoolOne group of parents,adolescent girls – <strong>in</strong> school <strong>and</strong>out of school, adolescent boys–<strong>in</strong> school <strong>and</strong> out of school,SMC/VEC, most disadvantagedcommunity <strong>in</strong> village4Structured activities with children: with childrenof Classes 3 (boys <strong>and</strong> girls together) <strong>and</strong> 5,6,7(boys <strong>and</strong> girls separately)Structured activities/group discussions withadolescents study<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> Class 9 (boys <strong>and</strong> girlsseparately)Explore the water <strong>and</strong>sanitation situation <strong>in</strong> school,how it affects them, <strong>in</strong>clusion/exclusion related issuesIn Classes 3, 5 to 7; <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>Class 95Semi-structured <strong>in</strong>terviews:5A: Auxiliary Nurse Midwife (ANM) or AccreditedSocial Health Activist (ASHA)5B: Local (private or government) healthcareprovider5C: Leader of women's group5D: Village head/pradhan 22Explore <strong>in</strong>terl<strong>in</strong>kages betweenwater, sanitation <strong>and</strong>education, exclusion/<strong>in</strong>clusion<strong>in</strong> village/schoolANM/ASHA/Local MedicalPractitioner (LMP) or healthservice provider, village head,one women's group leader, oneperson from the mostdisadvantaged social group <strong>in</strong>the village22Schedules 3F <strong>and</strong> the (erstwhile 5E) were merged after test<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> Mirzapur.14
Overcom<strong>in</strong>g Exclusion <strong>and</strong> Discrim<strong>in</strong>ation <strong>in</strong> South AsiaIndia Country Report4F<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>and</strong> AnalysisThis chapter beg<strong>in</strong>s with a perusal of enrolment<strong>and</strong> attendance <strong>in</strong> sample schools on the day ofvisit (where available), <strong>in</strong>frastructure facilities(whether they are function<strong>in</strong>g), <strong>and</strong> thearrangements for upkeep, ma<strong>in</strong>tenance, <strong>and</strong>clean<strong>in</strong>g on a regular basis. The narrative thenmoves to school observations, summariz<strong>in</strong>g whatwas observed with respect to the use of facilities,the participation of students <strong>in</strong> ma<strong>in</strong>tenance <strong>and</strong>cleanl<strong>in</strong>ess, <strong>and</strong> explor<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>clusion, exclusion <strong>and</strong>discrim<strong>in</strong>ation, where these were observed. Thisis followed by what students (at primary <strong>and</strong> upperprimary levels, as well as adolescent girls) saidabout exclusion <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>clusion, enrolment <strong>and</strong> dropouts,<strong>and</strong> the impact of water <strong>and</strong> sanitationfacilities on their school<strong>in</strong>g experience. Thereafter,the perceptions of teachers <strong>and</strong> theirunderst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g of the l<strong>in</strong>kages between education,water <strong>and</strong> sanitation, <strong>and</strong> the perception of parents<strong>and</strong> community leaders, are elaborated upon.After present<strong>in</strong>g the f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>gs, a rigorous analysisis attempted <strong>in</strong> order to f<strong>in</strong>d out about <strong>in</strong>clusion<strong>and</strong> exclusion <strong>in</strong> schools with respect to childrenfrom different social <strong>and</strong> economic backgrounds,academic performance, illness <strong>and</strong> disability. Thegender dimension <strong>in</strong> all of these is also explored.Case studies, voices of stakeholders, <strong>and</strong> uniquepractices are showcased briefly <strong>in</strong> this chapter;detailed case studies <strong>and</strong> narratives are given <strong>in</strong>Annex 4.4.1 Enrolment <strong>and</strong> Attendanceon the Day of VisitThe enrolment record was taken from theheadteacher or pr<strong>in</strong>cipal of each school. It wasfound that the data on attendance was not regularlyupdated <strong>in</strong> some schools; <strong>and</strong> even where the datawas available (at different places: teacher's diary,attendance register, scraps of paper), calculationsof the two-month average may not present anaccurate picture. In the senior secondary schoolsthat were visited by the team, daily attendance datawas not be<strong>in</strong>g ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong>ed. The records <strong>in</strong> schoolswere not reliable, as most of the enrolled childrenwere marked present. Discussions with teachers<strong>and</strong> students revealed that formal attendancerecords do not reflect the real situation <strong>and</strong> thatthese records are ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong>ed to obta<strong>in</strong> an extrasupply of rations for MDM, <strong>and</strong> to ensure that thereis no reduction <strong>in</strong> the deployed number of teachers<strong>and</strong> para-teachers. 23 As DISE does not coverschools beyond the elementary stage, accuratedata on enrolment is also not available for these,either at the school or at the block level.In all the 12 sample schools <strong>in</strong> Mirzapur takentogether, 50.66 per cent of the students <strong>in</strong> primaryschools <strong>and</strong> 50.51 per cent of the enrolled studentsat the upper primary <strong>and</strong> high school levels weregirls. While the distribution of girls <strong>and</strong> boysappears fairly even, given that many more boysare enrolled <strong>in</strong> private fee-pay<strong>in</strong>g schools, thisperhaps hides the real situation with respect togirls. However, <strong>in</strong> Lalitpur (12 sample schoolstogether), the percentage of girls enrolled <strong>in</strong>primary schools was 42.86, while at upper primary<strong>and</strong> high school levels, it was 42.79. Lalitpur hasfewer fee-pay<strong>in</strong>g private schools. However, if wesee the percentage of girls present on the day ofvisit (to total students present on that day), thesituation is worrisome.In Mirzapur, only 40 per cent of the students weregirls at the primary level, though the situation at23A different cadre of teachers who are recruited locally either by the Panchayat or by the local adm<strong>in</strong>istration. They are appo<strong>in</strong>tedon yearly contracts <strong>and</strong> are paid far less than regular government school teachers.15