Equity in School Water and Sanitation

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EQUITY IN SCHOOL WATER AND SANITATIONthe upper primary stage was far better with 53.97per cent girls. In Lalitpur, only 30.30 per cent ofthe students at the primary stage present on theday of visit were girls; and again like Mirzapur theattendance was better at the upper primary andhigher levels at 50.95 per cent (see Table L inAnnex 2).There was a large gap between enrolment andthe students present on the day of visit. At bestaround 70 per cent of the students were observedattending school on the day of visit (with oneexceptional UPS which had 83 per cent of theenrolled children present). In three schools (seeTable 6), it was not possible to do a head count ofstudents present as the school was large, theclasses were dispersed, and students fromdifferent subject streams were located in differentclassrooms. However, gender and social group(SC, ST, OBC and Muslim) data is collated at theschool, block and district levels for primary andupper primary schools. 244.2 Facilities (Water andSanitation) and Their UseAn overview of infrastructure related to water andsanitation in the sample schools is given in Tables7 and 8. It may be noted that our definition of a‘functioning toilet’ is one that is being used regularlyby children, is in a usable condition, and its usershave access to water (through a hand pumpnearby or running water). For example, where wefound toilets that were locked, these were recordedas ‘not functioning’; or where the toilets were in abad shape and did not seem to be used regularly,they were also recorded as ‘unusable’ or‘dysfunctional’.DISE (2006) data indicates that the schools in thetwo districts have similar infrastructure facilities.The percentage of schools with common toiletsand girls’ toilet are not dramatically different in thetwo districts – both showing over 90 per centschools with toilets for boys and girls. However, ifwe look at the sample schools’ data which wasgathered during the field visit, a noticeabledifference can be seen. Only three of the 12schools surveyed in Lalitpur and seven of the 11surveyed in Mirzapur had functioning toilets forboys; the corresponding numbers for girls’ toiletswere four out of 12 in Lalitpur and eight out of 11in Mirzapur. Similarly, while almost 50 per cent ofthe toilets were noted as being not clean, very dirtyor extremely dirty/unusable in Lalitpur, the situationin Mirzapur was significantly better (see Tables 7and 8).Table 6 Enrolment and attendance on day of visitMIRZAPURChildren enrolledPercentage girlsPresent on day of visitPercentage presentLALITPURMS1 MS2 MS3 MS4 MS5 MS6PS UPS PS UPS PS UPS PS GIC PS UPS PS HSc53 60 194 266 122 156 460 1117 167 1,098 141 4549 65 52 50 56 49 50 48 50 53 48 5335 42 85 68 31 110 256 * 41 * 41 2267 70 44 26 25 71 562525 49LS1LS2 LS3 LS4 LS5 LS6PS PS UPS PS GIC PS GIC PS UPS PS UPSChildren enrolled226902862921261,620226105108164258143Percentage girls464745482930483641514845Present on day of visit35501226543*908525638863Percentage present1456433434348323383444* Data not available as there was no attendance in the inter colleges visitedPS: Primary School; UPS: Upper Primary School; GIC: Government Intermediate CollegeNote: School-wise gender disaggregated enrolment data is given in Table L, Annex 224Enrolment and attendance data disaggregated by social class (OBC/SC/ST) could not be collected as it is often not possible toidentify the social class of a child from his/her name in the register. And the school register does not mention caste/communityagainst the names of the enrolled students. While lists of SC students are made for scholarship purposes, this is not reflectedin the register and there is no such list for ST, OBC or Muslim students.16
Overcoming Exclusion and Discrimination in South AsiaIndia Country ReportTable 7 Overview of water and sanitation facilities in sample schools, MirzapurSchoolSite 1,PSSite 1,UPSSite 2,PSSite 2,UPSSite 3,PSDrinking waterHand pumpHand pumpHand pumpHand pump& bore wellHand pump& bore wellWater for toiletsRunningwaterRunningwaterFrom handpumpFrom tankor pumpFrom handpumpFunctioning toilet, boys Yes Yes Yes Yes YesFunctioning toilets, girls Yes Yes Yes Yes YesFunctioning toilet,teachersYesYesYesYesYesCleanliness of toiletsClean Clean Not clean Not clean CleanCleanliness of schoolenvironmentVery cleanVery cleanCleanCleanCleanWho cleans toilets? Daily Children Children Children Children ChildrenWho cleans toilets?Weekly/occasionallySweeperSweeperMIRZAPURSite 4,PSHandpumps andtapsRunningwaterYesYesYes,dedicatedNot cleanCleanChildrenSite 4,GICHand pumpand tankNo waterNoYesYes,dedicatedVery dirtyNot cleanNot cleanedSite 5,PSHand pumpFrom tankYesYesYes,dedicatedCleanVery cleanChildrenSweeperoccasionalSite 5,UPSNoneNo waterNoNoNoNot usedCleanNASite 6,PSHand pumpTankmanuallyfilled bychildrenNoNoYes,dedicatedNot usedNot cleanNASite 6,HCSHand pumpNo waterUrinal onlyUrinal onlyNoNot cleanNot cleanNot cleaned17
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