Differential treatment in the youth justice system - Equality and ...

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ContentsPageAcknowledgementsGlossaryExecutive summaryiiiiii1. Introduction 11.1 Defining direct or indirect discrimination 21.2 Research on young people and differential treatment 31.3 Explaining over-representation in the youth justice system 41.4 Research aims 101.5 The shape of this report 112. Research methods 122.1 Stop and search data and custody record collection 122.2 Interviews with police officers and observations of police at work 142.3 Interview with young people 142.4 Prosecution process 152.5 A quantitative examination of 12 Youth Offending Teams (YOTs) 153. Young people’s entry into the youth justice system 183.1 Differential involvement: the national picture 183.2 Differential involvement: the 12 Youth Offending Teams (YOTs) 193.3 Entry into the youth justice system: the four case study areas 193.4 Circumstances of arrest 213.5 Proactive and reactive arrests 223.6 Differences in offences between proactive and reactive arrests 263.7 Arrests following stop and searches 283.8 Case disposals 323.9 Summary 354. Understanding the policing of young people 364.1 Styles of policing 364.2 Adversarial policing/street control 394.3 Rule of law/procedural justice 394.4 Reactive styles of policing 404.5 Case studies: varieties of police engagement 404.6 Scope for modifying styles of policing 584.7 Summary 645. Passing through the youth justice system 665.1 Sample description 675.2 Decisions within the criminal justice system 705.3 Disproportionality in the youth justice system 755.4 Testing for discrimination 785.5 Summary 886. Discussion and conclusions 906.1 Entry into the youth justice system 906.2 Passing through the youth justice system 916.3 Recommendations 92
Appendix A: Area profiles 97Appendix B: Tables of offences young people charge with followingstop and search 102Table B1 Area A stop and search arrested offences by ethnicity of offender 102Table B2 Area B stop and search arrested offences by ethnicity of offender 102Table B3 Area C stop and search arrested offences by ethnicity of offender 103Table B4 Area D stop and search arrested offences by ethnicity of offender 103Table B5 Area A custody recorded primary offence by ethnicity 104Table B6 Area B custody recorded primary offence by ethnicity 105Table B7 Area C custody recorded primary offence by ethnicity 106Table B8 Area D custody recorded primary offence by ethnicity 107Appendix C: YOT data sample description 108Table C1 Ethnicity as classified by variable 16+1 108Table C2 Age, ethnicity and gender 109Table C3 ONS estimated 10- to 17-year-old male population 2006 compared tomale cases aged 10-17, per cent 110Table C4 ONS estimated 10- to 17-year-old female population 2006 compared tofemale cases aged 10-17, per cent 111Table C5 Profile of crimes between ethnic groups, aged 10-19, per cent 112Table C6 Profile of crimes within ethnicity, aged 10-19 114Table C7a Case profile 116Table C7b Case profile (excludes Area F) 117Table C8 Proportion of offenders receiving a pre-court disposal by ethnicity 118Table C9 Proportion of young people receiving a court disposal by ethnicity 119Table C10 Proportion of disposals given by area (males) 120Table C11 Proportion of disposals given by area (females) 121Table C12 Proportion of sentenced disposals given by area (males) 122Table C13 Proportion of sentenced disposals given by area (females) 122Table C14 Per cent of individual sample with Asset information 123Table C15 Ethnic profile of Asset sample 123Appendix D: Multivariate logistic regression 124Table D1 Eligibility for pre-court disposals 125Table D2 Disposals given to cases eligible for pre-court disposal 125Table D3 Model of prosecution versus pre-court disposal: Male 126Table D4 Model of prosecution versus pre-court disposal: Female 127Table D5 Proportion of young people who pleaded not guilty whose cases weredismissed at court 127Table D6 Model of dismissal versus other court outcome: Male 128Table D7 Model of dismissal versus other court outcome: Female 129Table D8 Model of remand: Males and females 130Table D9 Total dynamic scores from Asset 131Table D10 Asset sample, model of remand with total dynamic scores:Males and females 132Table D11 Asset sample, model of remand with individual dynamic scores:Males and females 134Table D12 Model of referral order versus other first-tier penalties:Males and females 135Table D13 Model of community sentences versus first-tier penalties: Males 136
Page 1 and 2: Equality and Human Rights Commissio
Page 3: © Equality and Human Rights Commis
Page 7 and 8: Tables and figuresPageTables3.1 Pop
Page 9 and 10: GlossaryBCUBasic Command UnitCJSCri
Page 11: EXECUTIVE SUMMARYAssessing the reas
Page 15 and 16: EXECUTIVE SUMMARYPolice training•
Page 17 and 18: INTRODUCTIONover-represented in rob
Page 19 and 20: INTRODUCTIONthe increase in prosecu
Page 21 and 22: INTRODUCTIONIn contrast, a MORI sel
Page 23 and 24: INTRODUCTIONexplanation is that you
Page 25 and 26: INTRODUCTIONin itself, if the socia
Page 27 and 28: RESEARCH METHODS2. Research methods
Page 29 and 30: RESEARCH METHODS29% was white; 6% b
Page 31 and 32: RESEARCH METHODSfor several differe
Page 33 and 34: YOUNG PEOPLE’S ENTRY INTO THE YOU
Page 51 and 52: UNDERSTANDING THE POLICING OF YOUNG
Page 53 and 54: UNDERSTANDING THE POLICING OF YOUNG
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UNDERSTANDING THE POLICING OF YOUNG
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PASSING THROUGH THE YOUTH JUSTICE S
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DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS6. Discus
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DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONSdefendant
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DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONSdifficult
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DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONSFurther r
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APPENDICES10- to 17-year-old popula
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APPENDICES16s making up 23% of the
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APPENDICESAppendix B:Tables of offe
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APPENDICESCustody record dataTable
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APPENDICESTable B7Area C custody re
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APPENDICESAppendix C:YOT data sampl
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APPENDICESTable C3ONS estimated 10-
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APPENDICESTable C5Profile of crimes
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APPENDICESTable C6 Profile of crime
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APPENDICESTable C7aCase profile% Ma
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APPENDICESTable C8Proportion of off
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Table C10Proportion of disposals gi
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Table C12Proportion of sentenced di
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Appendix D:Multivariate logistic re
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APPENDICESTable D3Model of prosecut
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APPENDICESTable D6Model of dismissa
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APPENDICESTable D8: Model of Remand
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APPENDICESTable D10Asset sample, mo
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APPENDICESTable D11Asset sample, mo
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Table D13Model of community sentenc
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APPENDICESTable D15 Model of custod
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APPENDICESTable D17Length of custod
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REFERENCESReferencesAudit Commissio
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REFERENCESMirrlees-Black, C., Budd,
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ContactsEnglandEquality and Human R
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