ECONOMIC

More documents

Recommendations

Info

TABLE 37.—Average usual weekly earnings of male workers 35—44 years of age who worked fulltime, by years of schooling and race, 1973Years of schoolingWhiteNegro andother races0-45-789-11 .. .1213-1516Over 16$150173202211231265321333$96149165165178209241284Note.—Data are from a survey made in May 1973.A full-time worker is defined as one who usually works 35 hours or more per week.Source: Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.One suggested reason why schooling and earnings are positively related isthat schooling increases a worker's productivity. A mobile labor force andcompetitive markets translate the increased productivity into higher incomefor the worker. To test the hypothesis that schooling increases productivityand thereby increases income, one must have some measure of productivityother than income itself. Several studies have investigated the associationbetween schooling and the productivity of self-employed farmers, as wellas the association between schooling and efficiency in household activitiesand in interregional migration, and in scores on standardized ability tests.They indicate that, controlling for other variables, those people with moreschooling are more productive.Some say that those capable of higher productivity receive more schoolingand that business firms use the amount of schooling as a means of sortingout those capable of better performance. It is therefore important to distinguishbetween schooling as a means of changing productivity and schoolingas a means of identifying the more productive members of the population.The sorting hypothesis implies that firms regard the number of years ofschooling as an index of individual qualities that the educational system canidentify more efficiently than they can. The educational system, accordingto this theory, is effective in attracting persons possessing these qualities anddiscouraging the schooling of those without these qualities. Empirical testsof the sorting hypothesis have not been conclusive.POST-SCHOOL TRAININGAnother important aspect of training is experience acquired on the jobafter schooling is completed. On-the-job training can vary from formaltraining programs within the firm to the informal process of learning bydoing. Thus, particularly at younger ages, a worker may be involved in aprocess of investment with returns accruing later on. For this reason earningswould rise as age increases.Charts 8 and 9 give the results of two different procedures to find therelation between age and income for males. Chart 8 presents the age-incomeprofiles of a group of men over time (cohort profile). For a cohort, income146
Chart 8Real Income Profiles of Cohorts of MenBorn in Selected YearsREAL ANNUAL INCOME (1967 DOLLARS) 1/8,000BORN 1923-32BORN 1913-226,000BORN 1933-424,000BORN 1903-122,000J_ I I J_14-19 20-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64YEARS OF AGEJ/MEDIAN TOTAL MONEY INCOME FOR EACH AGE DEFLATED BY THE CONSUMER PRICE INDEX.SOURCES: DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE AND DEPARTMENT OF LABOR.increases with age, but for adults it does so at a decreasing rate. Income increaseswith age because the workers are acquiring experience and because ofthe rising productivity of workers as technology improves and physical capitalgrows. The cohort profiles are higher for younger workers because they havenot only more years of schooling but also the benefits that accompany agrowth of technology and physical capital.Chart 9 presents the age-income profiles obtained from plotting the incomeof males of different ages in the same time period (cross-sectional profile).The tipping down for the oldest age groups (45 to 54 and 55 to 64years of age) of the cross-sectional profile for annual income reflects thelower income of retired persons and, compared to younger males, the lowerlevel of schooling and obsolescence of knowledge of those older males stillin the labor force.There are too few comparable data to determine whether the cohort profilesare becoming steeper over time for adult males, although there are some147
Page 1:
ECONOMICTRANSMITTEDTO THE CONGRESSF
Page 5:
CONTENTSPageECONOMIC REPORT OF THE
Page 9 and 10:
ECONOMIC REPORT OF THE PRESIDENTTo
Page 11 and 12:
of the inflation rate of 1973, and
Page 13:
or permit incentives—including hi
Page 16 and 17:
people of an easy time. Like our pa
Page 19:
THE PRESIDENT:LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL
Page 22 and 23:
CHAPTER 3. INFLATION CONTROL UNDER
Page 24 and 25:
Page7. Unemployment Rates by Sex an
Page 26 and 27:
Page53. Maximum Percent Change in E
Page 28 and 29:
We have specific problems, too, asi
Page 30 and 31:
This curtailment of supply does, of
Page 32 and 33:
consumption we would not have chose
Page 34 and 35:
outside the food and fuel sectors a
Page 36 and 37:
about $14 billion from deficit to s
Page 38 and 39:
8 percent, at annual rates. Continu
Page 40 and 41:
A third method, which seems to have
Page 42 and 43:
DEVELOPMENT OF LOW-COST ENERGY FOR
Page 44 and 45:
would otherwise have been invested
Page 46 and 47:
TRANSPORTATION REFORMLast year the
Page 48 and 49:
constraints. Restrictions on entry
Page 50 and 51:
In early 1974 the Commerce Departme
Page 52 and 53:
Consumer SpendingConsumer expenditu
Page 54 and 55:
Chart 1Changes in GNP, Real GNP, GN
Page 56 and 57:
During the fourth quarter the downt
Page 58 and 59:
A number of points may be noted abo
Page 60 and 61:
income do not appear to have played
Page 62 and 63:
Chart 2Changes in Real GNPPERCENTUN
Page 64 and 65:
of essentially declining participat
Page 66 and 67:
The unemployment rate for adult mal
Page 68 and 69:
from job losers, the remainder of t
Page 70 and 71:
to maintain a somewhat larger work
Page 72 and 73:
Chart 3Changes in Selected Price Me
Page 74 and 75:
TABLE 12.—Changes in selected pri
Page 76 and 77:
production workers, and it is sensi
Page 78 and 79:
the profits that companies report a
Page 80 and 81:
Two measures of changes in income t
Page 82 and 83:
About $8 billion of the growth in e
Page 84 and 85:
effect of covered wage and employme
Page 86 and 87:
Since these apparent stabilization
Page 88 and 89:
MONETARY POLICY AND FINANCIAL MARKE
Page 90 and 91:
lation requiring ceilings on all CD
Page 92 and 93:
TABLE 19.—Offerings of new securi
Page 94 and 95:
CHAPTER 3Inflation Control Under th
Page 96 and 97:
(A more detailed presentation of th
Page 98 and 99:
ate of advance in grocery store foo
Page 100 and 101:
to the economy but also in the sens
Page 102 and 103: were imposed, limiting prices to th
Page 104 and 105: spurring of domestic inflation by e
Page 106 and 107: was more than twice as high in 1973
Page 108 and 109: wage increases in many cases, const
Page 110 and 111: TABLE 26.—Behavior of items in co
Page 112 and 113: Chart 6Changes in RelatedWholesale
Page 114 and 115: and natural gas. A complex set of f
Page 116 and 117: CHAPTER 4Energy and AgricultureFOR
Page 118 and 119: al gas have contributed to the low
Page 120 and 121: TABLE 30*—Wholesale prices, all i
Page 122 and 123: tion sector, which in 1972 accounte
Page 124 and 125: United States on oil imports, OPEC
Page 126 and 127: of old oil and prices of imported a
Page 128 and 129: LONG-TERM PROSPECTSThe price of imp
Page 130 and 131: important that the higher costs be
Page 132 and 133: improving the environment. The fund
Page 134 and 135: pollutants into the atmosphere will
Page 136 and 137: of research and rapid mechanization
Page 138 and 139: lion in fiscal 1972. Actually the a
Page 140 and 141: a minimum income. Unless prices fal
Page 142 and 143: The Administration supports the exa
Page 144 and 145: and estimates of some of these effe
Page 146 and 147: Since families typically pool their
Page 148 and 149: ability were not perfectly correlat
Page 150 and 151: Farm wages and farm income received
Page 154 and 155: Chart 9Real Incomes for Men in Diff
Page 156 and 157: ecause they have acquired more expe
Page 158 and 159: whose owners or white workers have
Page 160 and 161: Several factors can be mentioned to
Page 162 and 163: y social pressures, however, which
Page 164 and 165: TABLE 42.—Relation of wage and sa
Page 166 and 167: ferences in their mix of occupation
Page 168 and 169: for public housing may be valued by
Page 170 and 171: 8 to 20 percent for black females.
Page 172 and 173: sufficiently high to cover the addi
Page 174 and 175: TABLE 45.—Federal Government tran
Page 176 and 177: given to the problems of poverty du
Page 178 and 179: TABLE 47.—Trends in the employmen
Page 180 and 181: enefit increases greater than the i
Page 182 and 183: (Table 45). Medicare is chiefly des
Page 184 and 185: Public assistance is specifically d
Page 186 and 187: Then, subtracting equation (4) from
Page 188 and 189: policies, and the tensions among co
Page 190 and 191: In the fourth quarter the dollar ro
Page 192 and 193: which include trade, grants and oth
Page 194 and 195: tarily by foreign central banks, ev
Page 196 and 197: ply of oil, and by domestic price c
Page 198 and 199: in the United States. In view of th
Page 200 and 201: TABLE 52.—U.S. balances on intern
Page 202 and 203:
esult from changes in market value
Page 204 and 205:
TABLE 54.—Major changes in capita
Page 206 and 207:
attempt was made to agree on a code
Page 208 and 209:
The official price of gold was rais
Page 210 and 211:
system, these demand changes were a
Page 212 and 213:
What Pressures Should Be Exerted on
Page 214 and 215:
The composition of reserves among d
Page 216 and 217:
prices of approximately the same or
Page 218 and 219:
tained, they would probably be felt
Page 220 and 221:
Reducing Nontariff BarriersIn order
Page 222 and 223:
Structural problems. Agreements on
Page 224 and 225:
arrangements which are designed to
Page 226 and 227:
capital and the means of putting th
Page 228 and 229:
Canada and four smaller countries u
Page 230 and 231:
currencies have appreciated relativ
Page 232 and 233:
Effective Changes in Other Currenci
Page 235 and 236:
Activities of the Advisory Committe
Page 237:
Appendix BREPORT TO THE PRESIDENT O
Page 241 and 242:
Report to the President on the Acti
Page 243 and 244:
govern the exploitation of the reso
Page 245 and 246:
Manpower and Social Affairs Committ
Page 247 and 248:
Junior Staff EconomistsJames S. Fac
Page 249:
Appendix CSTATISTICAL TABLES RELATI
Page 252 and 253:
PRODUCTION AND BUSINESS ACTIVITY:Pa
Page 255 and 256:
NATIONAL INCOME OR EXPENDITURETABLE
Page 257 and 258:
TABLE C-2.—Gross national product
Page 259 and 260:
TABLE C-3.—Implicit price deflato
Page 261 and 262:
Page 263 and 264:
Page 265 and 266:
TABLE C—8.—Gross national produ
Page 267 and 268:
TABLE C-10.—Gross national produc
Page 269 and 270:
TABLE C-12.—Personal consumption
Page 271 and 272:
TABLE C-14.—Relation of gross nat
Page 273 and 274:
TABLE C—16.—Relation of nationa
Page 275 and 276:
TABLE C-18.— Total and per capita
Page 277 and 278:
TABLE C-19.—Sources of personal i
Page 279 and 280:
TABLE C-21.—Saving by individuals
Page 281 and 282:
POPULATION, EMPLOYMENT, WAGES, ANDP
Page 283 and 284:
TABLE C-24.—Noninstitutional popu
Page 285 and 286:
TABLE C-26.— Selected unemploymen
Page 287 and 288:
TABLE C—28.—Unemployment insura
Page 289 and 290:
TABLE C-29.—Wage and salary worke
Page 291 and 292:
TABLE C-31.—.•Average weekly ea
Page 293 and 294:
TABLE C-33.—Changes in output per
Page 295 and 296:
TABLE C—35.—Industrial producti
Page 297 and 298:
TABLE C-37.—Capacity utilization
Page 299 and 300:
TABLE C—38.—New construction ac
Page 301 and 302:
TABLE C-39.—New housing starts an
Page 303 and 304:
TABLE C-41.—Sales and inventories
Page 305 and 306:
TABLE C-43.—Manvjacturers* new an
Page 307 and 308:
TABLE O45.—Consumer price indexes
Page 309 and 310:
TABLE C—47.—Consumer price inde
Page 311 and 312:
TABLE C~49.—Wholesale price index
Page 313 and 314:
TABLE C-50.—Wholesale price index
Page 315 and 316:
194819491950.,1951195219531954Yearo
Page 317 and 318:
TABLE C-53.—Commercial bank loans
Page 319 and 320:
TABLE G-54.—Total funds raised in
Page 321 and 322:
TABLE C-56.—Federal Reserve Bank
Page 323 and 324:
TABLE C-58.—Bond yields and inter
Page 325 and 326:
TABLE C-59.—Short- and intermedia
Page 327 and 328:
TABLE C-61.—Mortgage debt outstan
Page 329 and 330:
TABLE C-63.—Net public and privat
Page 331 and 332:
TABLE C-65.—Federal budget receip
Page 333 and 334:
TABLE C-66.—Relation of the Feder
Page 335 and 336:
TABLE C-68.—Receipts and expendit
Page 337 and 338:
TABLE C-10.—State and local gover
Page 339 and 340:
TABLE C-72.—Estimated ownership o
Page 341 and 342:
CORPORATE PROFITS AND FINANCETABLE
Page 343 and 344:
TABLE C-76.—Relation of profits a
Page 345 and 346:
TABLE C-77.—Sources and uses of f
Page 347 and 348:
TABLE C-79.—State and municipal a
Page 349 and 350:
TABLE C-81.—Business formation an
Page 351 and 352:
Year1929...1933...1939...1940...194
Page 353 and 354:
TABLE C-85.—Indexes of prices rec
Page 355 and 356:
TABLE G-87.—Comparative balance s
Page 357 and 358:
TABLE G-88.— U.S. balance of paym
Page 359 and 360:
TABLE C-90.— U.S. merchandise exp
Page 361 and 362:
TABLE C-92.—International reserve
Page 363 and 364:
TABLE G-94.—International investm
Page 365:
TABLE C-96.—Consumer price indexe
show all

ECONOMIC

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?