Cyber Primer

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Fundamentals of cyber Cyberspace 1.8. Cyberspace is a complex and dynamic environment, interdependent with the electromagnetic spectrum, and is key to all military operations on land, sea, and in air and space. It is far more than just the Internet. Cyberspace is a pervasive and all-encompassing operating environment, incorporating, for example, aircraft flight control systems, medical life-support systems, physical device controllers 4 and national electricity distribution systems. Cyberspace can also be less geographically constrained than other environments. 5 So, distance and reach must be viewed differently to traditional environments when considering cyberspace operations. 1.9. Access to cyberspace is possible via many means, most often through computer terminals, laptops, tablets and mobile phones. Connectivity may be achieved via wireless connections or physical cables. Cyberspace is dependent upon physical assets – power sources, cables, networks, data-centres, as well as the people who operate and manage them. 1.10. The technologies and systems that define and make up cyberspace have evolved from being enablers of modern life into being fundamental and critical to how we live. All aspects of modern society are influenced by information flows, making cyberspace an integral part of today’s global environment. We now live in a digital world and have become familiar with smartphones, office and home computers, social media applications and email. 1.11. Most electronic control systems have cyber vulnerabilities, although not all are readily exploitable. 6 We would consider a short-term loss of the Internet or connectivity in our homes as an irritant; but someone hacking into our email account and stealing our personal information is more serious. A cyber attack leading to a prolonged loss of the electricity grid or Defence 4 A device controller is a part of a computer system that makes sense of the signals going to, and coming from the central processing unit (CPU). 5 Non-Internet facing devices and systems, for example, air-gapped adversary networks, distinct complex devices (remotely-piloted air systems, aircraft, closed networks) may have far greater geographical constraints. 6 Such exploitation is normally via technical means, but it could equally be undertaken by human interference. 6 Cyber Primer (2nd Edition)
Fundamentals of cyber cyber and cyberspace-dependent capabilities, 7 on the other hand, could have severe consequences, including loss of life and could equate to a kinetic attack. 1.12. Layers of cyberspace. Cyberspace can be thought of as comprising of six interdependent layers: social; people; persona; information; network; persona; and real, as shown in Figure 1.1. Social People Persona Information Network Real Figure 1.1 – The six layers of cyberspace 1.13. Social, people and persona layers. The social, people and persona layers consist of the details that connect people to cyberspace and the people and groups who interact with and operate the networks. Unique addresses or titles are matched to virtual addresses which, in turn, map to the real and network layers. A single person may have multiple personas; for example, a person may have different social media accounts accessed through different computers and mobile devices. Equally, multiple people 7 Defence cyber capabilities can be a combination of hardware, firmware, software and operator action. Cyber Primer (2nd Edition) 7
Page 1 and 2: Cyber Primer Second Edition Develop
Page 3 and 4: Cyber Primer The Cyber Primer (2nd
Page 5 and 6: Preface ‘The Government will ensu
Page 7 and 8: Contents Preface . . . . . . . . .
Page 9 and 10: “In the information age almost al
Page 11 and 12: Fundamentals of cyber Chapter 1 - F
Page 13: Fundamentals of cyber • are ready
Page 17 and 18: Fundamentals of cyber • details o
Page 19 and 20: Mainstreaming, competencies, unders
Page 21 and 22: Fundamentals of cyber 1.27. Cyber b
Page 23 and 24: 1A.5. Armed attack. Armed attack is
Page 25 and 26: Fundamentals of cyber Notes Cyber P
Page 27 and 28: “In the “We information reserve
Page 29 and 30: Cyber threats Chapter 2 - Cyber thr
Page 31 and 32: Cyber threats 2.5. Cyber attacks ca
Page 33 and 34: Cyber threats 2.9. Terrorists. Terr
Page 35 and 36: Cyber threats b. Payload. Payload i
Page 37 and 38: Cyber threats The process of attrib
Page 39 and 40: Phishing Spear phishing Whaling Fak
Page 41 and 42: Cyber threats Malware types Viruses
Page 43 and 44: Cyber threats and/or securely. Such
Page 45 and 46: How Against whom Why Theft of perso
Page 47 and 48: Cyber threats Using Twitter to mani
Page 49 and 50: Cyber threats Cyber attacks against
Page 51 and 52: Cyber threats State use of cyber op
Page 53 and 54: Cyber threats Case study 6 - The im
Page 55 and 56: Cyber threats Impact of malware on
Page 57 and 58: Cyber threats Social engineering ag
Page 59 and 60: “In the information age almost al
Page 61 and 62: Chapter 3 - Cyber functions Cyber f
Page 63 and 64: Cyber functions levels, they protec
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Cyber functions • command and con
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Cyber functions 3.16. Indicators an
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Cyber functions Maritime Land Air a
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Cyber functions 3.27. Electromagnet
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“In the information “It is impo
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Integrating cyber operations Chapte
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Integrating cyber operations Cyber
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Integrating cyber operations archit
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Integrating cyber operations physic
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Integrating cyber operations NATO a
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Integrating cyber operations Israel
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Lexicon Lexicon Part 1 - Acronyms a
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Part 2 - Additional terms and defin
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Lexicon information operations Info
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Lexicon TEMPEST TEMPEST refers to t
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Lexicon Cyber Security Information
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