Cyber Primer

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Cyber functions 3.24. Signals intelligence. Cyber’s second symbiotic relationship is with SIGINT, which is defined as: the generic term used to describe communications intelligence and electronic intelligence when there is no requirement to differentiate between these two types of intelligence, or to represent fusion of the two. 44 Cyber operations and SIGINT are, to an extent, reliant on the same infrastructures, organisations, accesses and personnel training and skill-sets. 3.25. Signals intelligence and cyber. The key difference between cyber and SIGINT comes in the intent and resultant effect of the two. The output of SIGINT primarily resides in the cognitive domain and is one of increased knowledge. Cyber effects will primarily be in the virtual or physical domain, although some may also be in the cognitive domain, as we seek to deny, disrupt, degrade or destroy. As with information operations/information activities and cyber, SIGINT and cyber co-exist, overlap and may even compete for resources – but they must be seen as complementary, not competing, capabilities. 3.26. Electromagnetic activities. For the context of this Primer, EMA is limited to electromagnetic spectrum (EMS) operations and electronic warfare. a. Electromagnetic spectrum. The EMS covers different types of electronic radiation from radio waves through visible light to gamma rays. From a military perspective, the EMS can be used indirectly, as a bearer for information, or directly as a means of creating an effect. It is in the former that the EMS and cyber have their relationship as electromagnetic energy enables the linking of computer networks and infrastructure. b. Electronic warfare. Electronic warfare comprises electronic attack, electronic protection and electronic surveillance and is defined by NATO as: military action that exploits electromagnetic energy to provide situational awareness and create offensive and defensive effects. 45 44 AAP-06, NATO Glossary of Terms and Definitions. 45 Ibid. 62 Cyber Primer (2nd Edition)
Cyber functions 3.27. Electromagnetic activities and cyber. The relationship between cyber and EMA should be seen as one of resilience and complementary in nature rather than as one of competition. Cyber and electromagnetic activities (CEMA) will, therefore, need to be delivered in an increasingly coordinated manner within Defence. Intelligently applying CEMA can create outcomes greater than the sum of their parts. For example, electronic attack could be used to herd an adversary’s communications onto a network already under surveillance. To improve the coordination between electromagnetic activities and cyber, Defence has created the Joint CEMA Group (JCG). A shared characteristic of EMA and cyber is the pace of development. Communication and information systems 3.28. The final littoral relationship is with communication and information systems. With the advent of the information age, a large, but not exclusive, proportion of communication and information systems are computer based. Responsibilities within this function include security and resilience and this is where the overlap with cyber is greatest. Defensive cyber operations are an integral and non-discretionary component of network and security resilience. Cyber Primer (2nd Edition) 63
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