Cyber Primer

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Cyber threats Case study 3 – Cyber attack conducted by patriotic hackers These attacks will often be carried out by hackers who believe they are supporting their government or culture. Such attacks may also be coordinated or directed by the state and the perpetrators may receive support on intelligence, information or technical tools and techniques from the state. Sweden Finland Helsinki Stockholm Tallinn Estonia Riga Latvia Russia Poland Lithuania Vilnius Minsk Belarus Moscow Estonia – a former member of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics The bronze soldier of Tallinn, Estonia – the perceived cause of the cyber attack 40 Cyber Primer (2nd Edition)
Cyber threats Cyber attacks against Estonian state infrastructure Who What How Against whom Why When Impact Allegedly Russian patriotic hackers, although much broader groups including hackers and script kiddies (a person who uses existing computer scripts or codes to hack into computers, lacking the expertise to write their own) may have contributed. Series of cyber attacks sustained over a three-week period, targeting websites of Estonian organisations. Multiple denial of service and distributed denial of service against Estonian utilities, telecommunications and government facilities and their websites leaving them unworkable. Principally against Estonian electronic services but also impacted many European telecommunications providers and United States universities. The Estonian authorities relocated a Soviet-era war memorial from the centre of Tallinn to a war graves cemetery on the city outskirts. According to media reporting, Russia saw the war memorial relocation as an insult. Alleged Russian hacktivists then launched an economic cyber attack to attempt to coerce the Estonian government to return the memorial to the city centre. It began on 27 April 2007 and lasted for three weeks. Media reports suggest that this could have resulted in fatalities if it had been conducted in the harsh Estonian winter. Significant financial and social disruption in Estonia; but the biggest consequence was to put state-level cyber attacks on the NATO agenda. Over a three week period, confusion reigned in Estonia, NATO and the European Union over what the reaction should be to these attacks. Who was to blame? Could the perpetrators be firmly identified? How should attribution take place? Was retaliation a reality? More information Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence Tallinn, Estonia: https://www.ccdcoe.org/ Cyber Primer (2nd Edition) 41
Page 1 and 2: Cyber Primer Second Edition Develop
Page 3 and 4: Cyber Primer The Cyber Primer (2nd
Page 5 and 6: Preface ‘The Government will ensu
Page 7 and 8: Contents Preface . . . . . . . . .
Page 9 and 10: “In the information age almost al
Page 11 and 12: Fundamentals of cyber Chapter 1 - F
Page 13 and 14: Fundamentals of cyber • are ready
Page 15 and 16: Fundamentals of cyber cyber and cyb
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Page 19 and 20: Mainstreaming, competencies, unders
Page 21 and 22: Fundamentals of cyber 1.27. Cyber b
Page 23 and 24: 1A.5. Armed attack. Armed attack is
Page 25 and 26: Fundamentals of cyber Notes Cyber P
Page 27 and 28: “In the “We information reserve
Page 29 and 30: Cyber threats Chapter 2 - Cyber thr
Page 31 and 32: Cyber threats 2.5. Cyber attacks ca
Page 33 and 34: Cyber threats 2.9. Terrorists. Terr
Page 35 and 36: Cyber threats b. Payload. Payload i
Page 37 and 38: Cyber threats The process of attrib
Page 39 and 40: Phishing Spear phishing Whaling Fak
Page 41 and 42: Cyber threats Malware types Viruses
Page 43 and 44: Cyber threats and/or securely. Such
Page 45 and 46: How Against whom Why Theft of perso
Page 47: Cyber threats Using Twitter to mani
Page 51 and 52: Cyber threats State use of cyber op
Page 53 and 54: Cyber threats Case study 6 - The im
Page 55 and 56: Cyber threats Impact of malware on
Page 57 and 58: Cyber threats Social engineering ag
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Page 63 and 64: Cyber functions levels, they protec
Page 65 and 66: Cyber functions • command and con
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Page 69 and 70: Cyber functions Maritime Land Air a
Page 71 and 72: Cyber functions 3.27. Electromagnet
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Page 75 and 76: Integrating cyber operations Chapte
Page 77 and 78: Integrating cyber operations Cyber
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Page 81 and 82: Integrating cyber operations physic
Page 83 and 84: Integrating cyber operations NATO a
Page 87 and 88: Integrating cyber operations Israel
Page 91 and 92: Lexicon Lexicon Part 1 - Acronyms a
Page 93 and 94: Part 2 - Additional terms and defin
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Page 97 and 98: Lexicon TEMPEST TEMPEST refers to t
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Lexicon Cyber Security Information
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Cyber Primer

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