Cyber Primer

Fundamentals of cyber
• details of communication service providers;
• transfer protocols;
• Internet domain names; and
• ownership data.
1.15. Network layer. The network layer uses logical constructs as the
primary method of security (for example, information assurance) and
integrity. This layer can often (but not exclusively) be the target for: signals
intelligence; cyber intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance; and
measurement and signature intelligence.
1.16. Real layer. The real layer consists of a geographic aspect and a physical
aspect. The geographic aspect relates to the location of elements of a
network, such as under the sea or ground, or in a building. The physical
aspect concerns what components are present – such as hardware, systems
software and infrastructure.
The cyber operating environment
1.17. As a relatively new operating environment, Defence continues to
develop the means by which to exploit cyberspace and the cyber operating
environment to its best advantage. Cyberspace is even contested in
peacetime – threat actors are constantly probing our networks seeking
vulnerabilities, intelligence or military and commercial advantage.
1.18. The concept of near, mid and far operating spaces help explain the
cyber environment and how it might affect operations.
a. Near. The near comprises networks and systems that are controlled
and assured by the commander, or controlled and assured on their
behalf by Defence.
b. Mid. The mid comprises networks and systems that are critical to
the operation or campaign, but are not controlled and assured by the
commander. They may be controlled and assured on their behalf by a
Cyber Primer (2nd Edition) 9