Cyber Primer

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Fundamentals of cyber can share a single persona; for example, a multi-user single email account. Attributing responsibility and targeting in cyberspace is difficult; personas can be complex, with elements in many virtual locations and not linked to a single physical location or form. Significant intelligence collection and analysis capabilities are required to gain sufficient insight and situational awareness to enable effective targeting and to create the desired effect. The social, people and persona layers can be further analysed through four sub-areas: social networking; operating and maintenance procedures; people; and security. a. Social networking. Social networking covers information regarding human interactions and may include details on culture, interests, how and with whom people communicate, and their persona or personas. b. Operating and maintenance procedures. Operating procedures across the breadth of cyber operations include network monitoring, information assurance, disaster recovery, contingency and backup plans. Maintenance includes the skill levels of the personnel maintaining the network and the frequency of maintenance activity. c. People. This refers to all individuals involved; including those developing and operating the various systems. d. Security. Security includes the security posture of the network and levels of awareness of the network users, managers and maintainers. 1.14. Information layer. The information layer consists of the connections that exist between network nodes. A node is a physical device connected to a network, such as a computer, smartphone or other mobile device. It also includes: • individual network configuration; • data, applications and protocols which govern interaction across the physical layer; • information assurance processes; 8 Cyber Primer (2nd Edition)
Fundamentals of cyber • details of communication service providers; • transfer protocols; • Internet domain names; and • ownership data. 1.15. Network layer. The network layer uses logical constructs as the primary method of security (for example, information assurance) and integrity. This layer can often (but not exclusively) be the target for: signals intelligence; cyber intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance; and measurement and signature intelligence. 1.16. Real layer. The real layer consists of a geographic aspect and a physical aspect. The geographic aspect relates to the location of elements of a network, such as under the sea or ground, or in a building. The physical aspect concerns what components are present – such as hardware, systems software and infrastructure. The cyber operating environment 1.17. As a relatively new operating environment, Defence continues to develop the means by which to exploit cyberspace and the cyber operating environment to its best advantage. Cyberspace is even contested in peacetime – threat actors are constantly probing our networks seeking vulnerabilities, intelligence or military and commercial advantage. 1.18. The concept of near, mid and far operating spaces help explain the cyber environment and how it might affect operations. a. Near. The near comprises networks and systems that are controlled and assured by the commander, or controlled and assured on their behalf by Defence. b. Mid. The mid comprises networks and systems that are critical to the operation or campaign, but are not controlled and assured by the commander. They may be controlled and assured on their behalf by a Cyber Primer (2nd Edition) 9
Page 1 and 2: Cyber Primer Second Edition Develop
Page 3 and 4: Cyber Primer The Cyber Primer (2nd
Page 5 and 6: Preface ‘The Government will ensu
Page 7 and 8: Contents Preface . . . . . . . . .
Page 9 and 10: “In the information age almost al
Page 11 and 12: Fundamentals of cyber Chapter 1 - F
Page 13 and 14: Fundamentals of cyber • are ready
Page 15: Fundamentals of cyber cyber and cyb
Page 19 and 20: Mainstreaming, competencies, unders
Page 21 and 22: Fundamentals of cyber 1.27. Cyber b
Page 23 and 24: 1A.5. Armed attack. Armed attack is
Page 25 and 26: Fundamentals of cyber Notes Cyber P
Page 27 and 28: “In the “We information reserve
Page 29 and 30: Cyber threats Chapter 2 - Cyber thr
Page 31 and 32: Cyber threats 2.5. Cyber attacks ca
Page 33 and 34: Cyber threats 2.9. Terrorists. Terr
Page 35 and 36: Cyber threats b. Payload. Payload i
Page 37 and 38: Cyber threats The process of attrib
Page 39 and 40: Phishing Spear phishing Whaling Fak
Page 41 and 42: Cyber threats Malware types Viruses
Page 43 and 44: Cyber threats and/or securely. Such
Page 45 and 46: How Against whom Why Theft of perso
Page 47 and 48: Cyber threats Using Twitter to mani
Page 49 and 50: Cyber threats Cyber attacks against
Page 51 and 52: Cyber threats State use of cyber op
Page 53 and 54: Cyber threats Case study 6 - The im
Page 55 and 56: Cyber threats Impact of malware on
Page 57 and 58: Cyber threats Social engineering ag
Page 59 and 60: “In the information age almost al
Page 61 and 62: Chapter 3 - Cyber functions Cyber f
Page 63 and 64: Cyber functions levels, they protec
Page 65 and 66: Cyber functions • command and con
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Cyber functions 3.16. Indicators an
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Cyber functions Maritime Land Air a
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Cyber functions 3.27. Electromagnet
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“In the information “It is impo
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Integrating cyber operations Chapte
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Integrating cyber operations Cyber
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Integrating cyber operations archit
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Integrating cyber operations physic
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Integrating cyber operations NATO a
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Integrating cyber operations Israel
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Lexicon Lexicon Part 1 - Acronyms a
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Part 2 - Additional terms and defin
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Lexicon information operations Info
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Lexicon TEMPEST TEMPEST refers to t
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Lexicon Cyber Security Information
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Cyber Primer

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