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EUROPEAN POLICE SCIENCE AND RESEARCH BULLETIN SPECIAL CONFERENCE EDITION CEPOL and Europol who are both represented at project meetings in order to provide their relevant technical input to the Consortium and ensure coordination with existing European entities and initiatives in the field of security during major events. In addition, the partners have had the opportunity to network with the security planners from host countries of the associated events, discussing the handling of real scenarios from the planning and carrying out of major event security and, in doing so, laying the groundwork for future cooperation and building towards a common policing approach across Europe. THE FUTURE OF ‘THE HOUSE’ The 24 Member States of ‘The House’ have decided that the way forward should involve the development of an all encompassing interactive web based security planning tool incorporating all of the methodologies and technical tools of ‘The House’. In this phase, the consortium will attempt to ensure that its pattern of expansion continues beyond the current 24 Member States. As in the previous phases of the project, the involvement of the national security planners will be essential to ensure that the outputs will have the approval of, and will be adopted by, the partner Member States. In addition, the consortium will work to consolidate the position of ‘The House’ as a comprehensive European planning framework for major events security in order to ensure that established best practices are continually codified and that lessons learned from major events in the EU are easily accessible to and serve to benefit the security of the entire community. In the long term, the maintenance and expansion of the networks of security practitioners, methodologies and technical tools will ensure that the impact of ‘The House’ goes far beyond major events security as it contributes to the realisation of the main security priorities of the EU — the Stockholm Programme and the EU Internal Security Strategy (ISS) which call for ‘more effective European law enforcement cooperation’ (Council of the European Union, 2009, s 4.3.1). CONCLUSION In a broad sense, the method of policy elaboration applied in both Europe and the Americas within the projects highlighted above could easily be adapted to other contexts and other regions of the world with the assistance of UNICRI given their role in regional policy coordination for major events security at United Nations level. ‘The House’ project (plus its predecessors EU- SEC and EU-SEC II) and IPO Americas have been making, and continue to make, a significant contribution to the coordination of major event security planning in Europe and the Americas respectively. The objective of the partners involved is to create a lasting legacy of improved security capacity, common standards and procedures efficiency, and increased regional and international cooperation among security practitioners. In this way, the windows of opportunity offered by major events will be taken advantage of to the fullest extent in terms of the security of the event itself, the maximisation of the enjoyment of the event for all and the potential for development of security policies, practices and cooperation. REFERENCES Council of the European Union (2009). The Stockholm Programme. http://eurlex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2010:115:0001:0038:en:PDF EU-SEC Consortium (2008). ‘Toward a European House of Security at Major Events — Best Practices for Research Coordination’. EU-SEC II Consortium, (2011). ‘Foundations of the European House of Major Events Security — A Manual for the International Coordination of Major Events Security Research in Europe’. UNICRI (2007). International Permanent Observatory (IPO) Security Planning Model. UNICRI (2010). Handbook to assist the establishment of Practices for Public Private Partnerships to protect vulnerable targets. United Nations Economic and Social Council (Ecosoc) (2006). Resolution E/2006/28 of July 2006. 138
EUROPEAN POLICE SCIENCE AND RESEARCH BULLETIN SPECIAL CONFERENCE EDITION NEW APPROACHES TO COMPARE POLICE PRACTICE IN EUROPE: AN OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVE ( 1 ) Mariana Kaiseler UK Cristina Queirós Portugal Susana Rodrigues Portugal Keywords: police work; stress; comparative studies; ambulatory method. Abstract: Police work is a particular stressful occupation. Exposure to stressors everyday impairs physical and psychological health and can impact the welfare of citizens. It seems crucial to further understand stress among police officers in order to have proactive and healthy European police force. Despite this need, previous research on Police stress has been impaired by several problems. These include relying largely on self-report measures, retrospective biases, and cross sectional designs, failing to address within-person variations. Police forces in most European countries face nowadays extremely challenging times due to a combination of factors, including open borders, drug trafficking, terrorism, multicultural diversity and the overall use of new technologies in contemporary life (Benyon, 1994; Oakley, 2001). Hence, there is an urgent need to conduct comparative occupational health studies among police forces in Europe, allowing the development of knowledge in this area and the dissemination of best practices to tackle police stress and foster police health and well-being. Despite this need, little work has been conducted, mainly due to a variety of reasons discussed in this paper that are likely to emerge when conducting European comparative studies on police. In an attempt to overcome some of these challenges, recommendations are provided and particularly an innovative interdisciplinary research method developed in the SCOPE project is described. Findings of this research will impact theoretical and applied knowledge in the area of police occupational health. Finally, this seems to be a promising research method to use in future comparative occupational health studies among police forces in Europe. 1. INTRODUCTION Police work is a particular stressful occupation (McCarty, Zhao, & Garland, 2007). Police officers on their daily duties have not only to take care of themselves but also assure the safety of the public and still be able to keep their emotions and reactions under control. As a consequence of the demanding occupation, several physical and psychological health problems can occur, with impact on the welfare of officers and citizens. This exposure of police officers to potential stress sources over time has been associated with several problems (Kop, Euwema, & Schaufeli, 1999, Violanti & Paton, 2006), affecting not only behavioural (i.e. absenteeism, poorer interactions with the public, fatigue, attitude towards the use of violence; excessive drinking and smoking), but also physical (i.e. cardiovascular diseases, digestive problems), and psychological components (i.e. increased ( 1 ) Acknowledgments: Thanks to Prof. João Paulo Cunha (INESC TEC/ FEUP) and Prof. Ana Aguiar (FEUP) for their important contribution in the development of the SCOPE interdisciplinary method. Additionally thanks to Polícia de Segurança Pública (PSP), Portugal for collaborating in the SCOPE project research. This research has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programs ([FP7/2007-2013] [FP7/2007- 2011]), under the SCOPE project Grant Number [PCIG10-GA-2011-303880], the Future Cities Project — FP7 Capacities, Grant Number 316296, and from FCT, Portugal (DFRH/BI/51845/2012). 139
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