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EUROPEAN POLICE SCIENCE AND RESEARCH BULLETIN SPECIAL CONFERENCE EDITION Reisig, M., Tankebe, J. & Meško, G. (2013). Compliance with the Law in Slovenia: The Role of Procedural Justice and Police Legitimacy. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research. (http://link.springer. com/article/10.1007/s10610-013-9211-9) Simončič (2013). Zaupanje v policijo po demonstracijah v Sloveniji (Trust in the police after demonstrations in Slovenia) (Diploma Thesis). Ljubljana: Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, University of Maribor. Sunshine, J. and Tyler, T. R. (2003). The Role of Procedural Justice and Legitimacy in Shaping Public Support for Policing. Law and Society Review, 37(3), 513–547. Tyler, T. (1990). Why People Obey the Law. New Haven: Yale University Press. Tyler, T. and Huo, Y. (2002). Trust in the Law: Encouraging Public Cooperation with the Police and Courts. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. Tyler, T. R. (1997). The Psychology of Legitimacy: A Relational Perspective on Voluntary Deference to Authorities. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 1(4), 323–345. Tyler, T. R. (2006). Why People Obey the Law. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Tyler, T. R. (2011). Trust and legitimacy: Policing in the USA and Europe. European Journal of Criminology, 8(4) 254–266. Tyler, T. R. (2012). Justice and Effective Cooperation. Social Justice Research, 25(4), 355–375. Tyler, T. R. and Fagan, J. (2008). Legitimacy and Cooperation: Why Do People Help the Police Fight Crime in Their Communities? Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law, 6, 231-275. (http://moritzlaw.osu. edu/osjcl/Articles/Volume6_1/Tyler-Fagan-PDF.pdf) Tyler, T. R. and Lind, E. A. (1992). A relational model of authority in groups. In M. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (pp. 115-191). New York: Academic. White, R. (1994). Street life: police practices and youth behaviour. In R. White and C. Alder (Eds.), The Police and Young People in Australia (pp. 16-29). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 82
EUROPEAN POLICE SCIENCE AND RESEARCH BULLETIN SPECIAL CONFERENCE EDITION TRUST IN THE GERMAN POLICE Mai Sato ( 1 ) United Kingdom Rita Haverkamp ( 2 ) Germany Mike Hough United Kingdom Keywords: Ethnic minorities, European Social Survey, police, rule adherence, procedural justice, trust Abstract: The relative levels of trust in the police are explored, using data from the fifth round of the European Social Survey (ESS) which covered mainly 28 European countries. In this article, the position of Germany is examined within the international context. German trust in the police, for both German natives and ethnic minorities, for those 15 and over is high in comparison to other European countries. The article also tests if it is the fair treatment of citizens by the police, or the high value placed on rule adherence and conformity, that is driving the German citizen’s trust. It shows that the German police is trusted due to their perceived fairness, effectiveness and shared moral values, rather than on value placed on conformity to authority. INTRODUCTION The 1960s through to the 1980s was a challenging period for the German police, as they were faced with the tasks of managing public disorders, riots, left-wing extremist terrorism, and environmental demonstrations, their handling of which tainted their positive image (Cao 2001: 170). In 1995, Amnesty International published a report damaging for the German police concerning their use of excessive force in restraining or arresting citizens, and the ill treatment of detainees in police custody (Amnesty International 1995). The report also argued that the ill treatment appeared to be racially motivated, many of those targeted being foreign nationals including refugees, asylum seekers and people from ethnic minority backgrounds (Ibid.). More recent studies of the German police, mainly focusing on adolescents, however, depict a ‘bürgernahe (citizen friendly)’ security force. In a comparative study between German and French adolescents, the preliminary analysis showed that the degree of positive experience with, and perception of, the police was much higher in Germany than in France (Oberwittler & Roché 2013). Whilst in France African and Turkish migrants have particularly low opinions of the police in comparison to native French adolescents, the German data show very little or no difference between the amount of contact, the quality of contact, and general perceptions of the police between Turkish migrants and native Germans adolescents (Ibid.) Other studies of German adolescents also paint a similar picture with small or no ethnic difference in the levels of trust in the police (e.g. Heitmeyer et al., 2010; Baier et al., 2010). Studies exploring the everyday relationship between migrants and the police such as Hüttermann’s qualitative analysis (2000) and Gesemann‘s (2003) survey showed that while migrants tend to be less accepting of the police in comparison to native Germans, the police also manage to establish informal styles of interaction with migrants, thus being accepted ‘on the street’ within the community. In a project titled ‘Police in conflict with ethnic minorities and social marginalised groups’, ( 1 ) Corresponding author ( 2 ) Corresponding author 83
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