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EUROPEAN POLICE SCIENCE AND RESEARCH BULLETIN SPECIAL CONFERENCE EDITION Lobnikar, B., Hozjan, U., Šuklje, T., & Banutai, E. (2013). Policing a multicultural community: a case study of the Roma community in northeastern Slovenia. International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice, Vol. 38. Issue 2. Pp. 191-209. McKee, Adam, J. (2001). The Community Policing Evaluation Survey: Reliability, Validity and Structure. American Journal of Criminal Justice, Vol. 25, No 2 Meško, G. & Lobnikar, B. (2005). Policijsko delo v skupnosti: razumevanje uvoženih idej, njihova kontekstualisacija in implementacija. In G. Meško, M. Pagon in B. Dobovšek (Eds.), Izzivi sodobnega varstvoslovja. Pp. 89–109. Ljubljana: Fakulteta za policijsko-varnostne vede. National Programme of Measures for Roma of the Government of the Republic of Slovenia for the period 2010–2015. http://www.arhiv.uvn.gov.si/fileadmin/uvn.gov.si/pageuploads/pdf_datoteke/ NPUR_2010-2015-en-18.3.2010.pdf. 30. 5. 2013 Novak, B. (2012a). Romi — neuspešno vključevanje v večslovensko skupnost (interno gradivo). “Roma people — unsuccessful integration into the Slovenian community” Ljubljana: Ministrstvo za notranje zadeve, Policija. Novak, B. (2012b). Projekt usposabljanja delavcev Policije za delo v večetnični družbi (interno gradivo). Ljubljana: Ministrstvo za notranje zadeve, Policija. Ogulin, J.; Brodarič, D.; Ribič, V. & Gornak, V. (2005). Primerjava stališč Romov in policistov na Dolenjskem do izvajanja nalog policije “A comparison of the views of the Roma and police in Dolenjska to police duties”. Dnevi varstvoslovja. Ljubljana, Fakulteta za policijsko-varnostne vede. Police (2012). Vodje policijskih okolišev po policijskih upravah. “Heads of police districts — CPO — by police administrations”. http://www.policija.si/index.php/dravljani-in-policija/vodje-policijskihokoliev Police (2013). Policijsko delo v skupnosti. [Community Policing], Doc. no. 2214-41/2012/4 (207-07). MNZ, GPU — Ljubljana Roma Community in the Republic of Slovenia Act. (2007). Official Gazette RS, No 33/2007. Virtič, F. & Lobnikar, B. (2004). Implementacija policijskega dela v skupnosti v slovenski policiji. “Implementation of community policing in the Slovenian police”. In B. Lobnikar (Ed.), 5. slovenski dnevi varstvoslovja. Pp. 745–75. Ljubljana: Visoka policijsko-varnostna šola. Strobl, S., Haberfeld, M.R., Banutai, E. & Duque, S. (2012). Police mediation of Roma-related conflicts in Slovenia. Lecture at the Sustainable justice, 49th annual meeting, Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences. New York: ACJS. Strobl, S., Banutai, E., Duque, S., & Haberfeld, M. R. (2013). Nothing to be done about them without them: The Slovenian National Police and Roma joint-training programme. International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice, Vol. 38. Issue 2. Pp. 211-233. Štrukelj, P. (2004). Tisočletne podobe nemirnih nomadov: Zgodovina in kultura Romov v Sloveniji. “A millennium of restless nomads: History and culture of Roma people in Slovenia”. Ljubljana: Družina. Šuklje, T. & Banutai, E. (2012). Izzivi romske problematike v Sloveniji. “Roma issue challenges in Slovenia”. In T. P. Mrevlje (Ed.), 13. slovenski dnevi varstvoslovja. Ljubljana: Fakulteta za varnostne vede. 72
EUROPEAN POLICE SCIENCE AND RESEARCH BULLETIN SPECIAL CONFERENCE EDITION UNDERSTANDING TRUST IN POLICE AND LEGITIMACY IN CENTRAL EASTERN EUROPE — THE LAW STUDENT SURVEY Gorazd Meško Slovenia Chuck Fields USA Jerneja Šifrer Slovenia Katja Eman, Slovenia Keywords: police, criminal justice, legitimacy, trust, Central and Eastern Europe Abstract: Based on past studies and cognitions about legitimacy and with it related concepts the paper presents the law students’ perceptions of police authority and trust in policing in the eight countries of Central and Eastern Europe (Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, FYROM, Romania, Poland and Russia) analysing the data from a web-survey conducted in autumn 2012 and spring 2013. The findings imply that the law students in general question their willingness to comply with laws and cooperate with the police. Regression analysis shows that police authority and procedural justice are related to trust in the police in all countries and police effectiveness in Slovenia, Russia, Romania, Poland, Bosnia & Herzegovina and Croatia. Authors conclude that the police should primarily strive to improve their effectiveness, authority and procedural justice to improve trust and legitimacy of policing in the respected countries. TRUST AND LEGITIMACY OF POLICE AND POLICING We believe that legal and legitimate policing are the bases of democratic policing, and legality without legitimacy and legitimacy without legality can lead to a variety of problems. In this paper, we presented legitimacy and related concepts (i.e. trust in police, procedural justice, distributive justice, willingness to cooperate, police authority and police effectiveness). Inter alia, we conducted a survey of law students with the Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security research team and partners in autumn 2012, and spring 2013. Law students were selected due to the nature of their studies (legal orientation), and a statement that they would also like to work in law enforcement or a criminal justice agency after graduation. EARLY STUDIES ON TRUST AND LEGITIMACY OF POLICE AND POLICING Beetham (1993: 488) distinguished three criteria that contribute to the legitimacy (of the powerful): 1) power which is acquired and exercised according to established rules; 2) rules which are justifiable by reference to shared beliefs; and 3) existence of appropriate actions expressive of consent on the part of those qualified to give it ( 1 ). ( 1 ) Beetham (1993: 488) made several analyses of the suggested components and ascertain that the third criteria may be dependent upon the second and explained this finding: ‘…that only makes the process of legitimation complex, rather than circular. And I was careful to distinguish very different ways in which the different criteria might fail to be met. Thus a legitimacy deficit (the second criterion) might occur because the rules no longer satisfied their justifying principles (institutional sclerosis), or because support for these principles had weakened (cultural change) or had never sufficiently existed (cultural insufficiency), or because different groups within a society disagreed fundamentally about them (societal division)’. 73
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