AGRICULTURE

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CHAPTER 2 CLIMATE, AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY: A CLOSER LOOK AT THE CONNECTIONS THE AGRICULTURE SECTORS’ ROLE IN CLIMATE CHANGE By FAO estimates (Table 5), emissions from agriculture, forest and other land use (AFOLU) stood at 10.6 gigatonnes (Gt) of carbon dioxide equivalent in the year 2014. The sector emits three types of anthropogenic greenhouse gases: carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), the hydrocarbon methane (CH 4 ) and nitrous oxide (N 2 O). The main sources of those emissions are deforestation, enteric fermentation in livestock, manure left on fields, applied chemical fertilizers and rice cultivation practices. Deforestation and land degradation have also reduced the sector’s capacity to absorb (or sequester) carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide and methane account for 49 and 30 percent, respectively, of the emissions generated by agriculture, forestry and land use. This represents 14 percent of total anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide and 42 percent of all methane emissions. The share of nitrous oxide in total AFOLU emissions is small, but accounts for as much as 75 percent of global anthropogenic emissions of the gas. Agriculture accounts for the largest share of emissions from AFOLU, followed by net conversion of forest land; since the 1990s, emissions from forest conversion have decreased while agricultural emissions have increased (Figure 11). Organic soils (those with a high concentration of organic matter, such as peatlands) and the burning of biomass (e.g. savanna fires) account for relatively smaller amounts of emissions. Forests also mitigate climate change by removing GHG from the atmosphere through forest growth, as seen in the negative values. However, the average contribution of forests to carbon sequestration has fallen from 2.8 Gt annually in the 1990s to 2.3 Gt in the 2000s, and is estimated at 1.8 Gt in 2014. Across regions, AFOLU emission levels and sources are starkly different (Figure 12). Emissions from net forest conversion represent the largest share of GHG emissions in Latin America and the Caribbean and sub-Saharan Africa, but are less significant in other regions. The contribution of forest sinks is important in countries in developed regions as well as in Latin America and the Caribbean, but less so elsewhere. Agricultural emissions make up a significant share of total AFOLU emissions in all regions, and represent more than half of emissions in all regions except sub- Saharan Africa and Latin America and the Caribbean, where net forest conversion is the major source. Different emission patterns have been recorded at regional level over the last two decades. For example, there has been a sharp reduction in the positive contribution of forest sinks in Southeast, Eastern and Southern Asia, and an opposite trend in Europe. Other regions report more stable trends (FAO, 2016d). Of the sources of specific GHG emissions from agriculture, the most significant contribution at the global level – amounting to 40 percent in CO 2 equivalent – comes from enteric fermentation in ruminants, which is a major source of methane emissions (Figure 13). In terms of the magnitude of emissions, this is followed by manure left on pasture (16 percent), the use of synthetic fertilizers (12 percent) and rice cultivation (10 percent). Enteric fermentation is the largest source of emissions from agriculture in all regions except Oceania and Eastern and Southeast Asia, with the share of total emissions ranging from 58 percent in Latin America and the Caribbean to 37 percent in countries in developed regions (Table 6). The importance of other emission sources varies at regional level. Rice cultivation is the most important source of agricultural emissions in Eastern and Southeast Asia (at 26 percent), while in Oceania the cultivation of organic soils is the source of 59 percent of agricultural emissions. The second main source is manure left on pastures in sub-Saharan Africa, Northern Africa and Western Asia, and Latin America and the Caribbean; rice cultivation in Southern Asia; and synthetic fertilizers in countries in developed regions. Agriculture must contribute to mitigation if global temperature increase is to be kept below 2 °C (Wollenberg et al., 2016). It needs to be recognized, however, that the source of some 75 percent of global GHG emissions is fossil fuel used for energy Continues on page 41 » | 38 |
TABLE 5 EMISSIONS AND REMOVALS OF MAIN GREENHOUSE GASES, BY ALL SECTORS AND BY AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND LAND USE (AFOLU) IN 2010 All sectors AFOLU Agriculture AFOLU Forestry and land use AFOLU contribution as share of total Share of gases in total AFOLU emissions Emissions Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) Gigatonnes of CO 2 equivalent Percent 38.0 5.2 5.2 13.6 48.7 Methane (CH 4 ) 7.5 3.2 2.9 0.3 42.3 29.7 Nitrous oxide (N 2 O) 3.1 2.3 2.2 0.1 75.0 21.6 Others 0.8 0 0 Total emissions 49.4 10.6 5.1 5.5 21.5 100 Removals (sinks) Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) SOURCE: FAO, forthcoming. -2.6 -2.6 FIGURE 11 ANNUAL AVERAGE NET EMISSIONS/REMOVALS FROM AFOLU IN CO 2 EQUIVALENT GIGATONNES 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 -2 1990s 2000s 2014 -4 Agriculture Burning biomass Forest Cropland organic soils Net forest conversion Grassland organic soils Note: See Notes on the Annex tables for definitions. SOURCE: FAO, 2016d. See Annex table A.2 for details. | 39 |
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2016 THE STATE OF FOOD AND AGRICULT
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ISSN 0081-4539 2016 THE STATE OF FO
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NOTES BORIA VOLOREIUM, SIT AUT QUIS
Page 7 and 8: FOREWORD Following last year’s hi
Page 9 and 10: productivity in regions where peopl
Page 11 and 12: Statistical annex The annex was pre
Page 13 and 14: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY THE WORLD FACES A
Page 15 and 16: productivity improvements. However,
Page 17 and 18: emissions of greenhouse gases. The
Page 19: flows. This approach would allow fa
Page 22 and 23: NAROK, KENYA Maasai pastoralists gr
Page 24 and 25: CHAPTER 1 HUNGER, POVERTY AND CLIMA
Page 32 and 33: TABLE 1 CLIMATE IMPACTS ON SELECTED
Page 37 and 38: CHAPTER 2 CLIMATE, AGRICULTURE AND
Page 39 and 40: KEY MESSAGES 1 UNTIL ABOUT 2030, GL
Page 41 and 42: BOX 5 SUMMARY OF CLIMATE CHANGE IMP
Page 43 and 44: THE STATE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2
Page 45 and 46: SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA NEAR EAST AND NO
Page 47 and 48: FIGURE 5 PROJECTED CHANGES IN CROP
Page 51 and 52: BOX 7 PROJECTING CLIMATE CHANGE: RC
Page 53 and 54: TABLE 3 NUMBER OF PEOPLE LIVING IN
Page 57: FIGURE 10 FOOD INSECURITY AND CLIMA
Page 61: TABLE 6 THREE MAIN SOURCES OF AGRIC
Page 64 and 65: BYUMBA, RWANDA A tea plantation in
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Page 89 and 90: CHAPTER 4 FOOD AND AGRICULTURE SYST
Page 91 and 92: KEY MESSAGES 1 THE AGRICULTURE SECT
Page 97 and 98: TABLE 11 POTENTIAL FOR N 2 O MITIGA
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RUSUMO, UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA
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CHAPTER 5 THE WAY FORWARD: REALIGNI
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BOX 21 THE AGRICULTURE SECTORS AND
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CHAPTER 6 FINANCING THE WAY FORWARD
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KEY MESSAGES 1 INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC
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THE STATE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2
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BOX 25 DEDICATED CLIMATE FUNDS AND
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BOX 26 TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY AND R
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BOX 27 INTEGRATING CLIMATE CHANGE I
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COVERAGE OF INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC CL
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STATISTICAL ANNEX NOTES ON THE ANNE
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STATISTICAL ANNEX Emissions from cu
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TABLE A.1 (CONTINUED) REFERENCE GEO
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TABLE A.2 NET EMISSIONS AND REMOVAL
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TABLE A.2 (CONTINUED) EMISSIONS FRO
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TABLE A.2 (CONTINUED) EMISSIONS FRO
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TABLE A.2 (CONTINUED) Svalbard and
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TABLE A.3 (CONTINUED) BURNING CROP
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REFERENCES CHAPTER 1 Alexandratos,
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REFERENCES Antle, J.M. & Crissman,
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REFERENCES Lancelot, R., de La Rocq
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REFERENCES Seo, N. & Mendelsohn, R.
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REFERENCES Burney J.A., Davis S.J.
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REFERENCES Holmes, R. & Jones, N. 2
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REFERENCES Rasmussen, L. V., Mertz,
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REFERENCES EC (European Commission)
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REFERENCES Mottet, A., Henderson, B
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REFERENCES Arslan, A., McCarthy, N.
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REFERENCES Government of Thailand.
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REFERENCES Moriondo, M., Bindi, M.,
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SPECIAL CHAPTERS OF THE STATE OF FO
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2016 THE STATE OF FOOD AND AGRICULT
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AGRICULTURE

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