The Gift of Introversion

using random samples and self-report personality tests, however, have found milder
effects than Sulloway claimed, or no significant effects of birth order on personality.
In 2002, the journal of psychology posted a Big Five Personality Trait Difference;
Researchers explored relationship between the five factor model and the Universal-
Diverse Orientation (UDO) in councillor trainees. (Thompson, R., Brossart, D., and
Mivielle, A., 2002) UDO is known as one social attitude that produces a strong
awareness and/or acceptance towards the similaralities and difference among
individuals. (Miville, M., Romas, J., Johnson, J., and Lon, R. 2002)
The study has shown the councillor trainees that are more open to the idea of creative
expressions among individuals are more likely to work with a diverse group of clients,
and feel comfortable in their role. (Thompson, R. et al. 2002)
Cultural Differences
The Big Five have been pursued in a variety of languages and cultures, such as
German, Chinese, Indian, etc. For example, Thompson has claimed to find the Big Five
structure across several cultures using an international English language scale.
Cheung, van de Vijver, and Leong (2011) suggest, however, that the Openness factor is
particularly unsupported in Asian countries and that a different fifth factor is identified.
Recent work has found relationships between Geert Hofstede's cultural factors,
Individualism, Power Distance, Masculinity, and Uncertainty Avoidance, with the
average Big Five scores in a country. For instance, the degree to which a country
values individualism correlates with its average extraversion, whereas people living in
cultures which are accepting of large inequalities in their power structures tend to score
somewhat higher on conscientiousness.
Personality differences around the world might even have contributed to the emergence
of different political systems. A recent study has found that countries’ average
personality trait levels are correlated with their political systems: countries with higher
average trait Openness tended to have more democratic institutions, an association that
held even after factoring out other relevant influences such as economic development.
Attempts to replicate the Big Five in other countries with local dictionaries have
succeeded in some countries but not in others. Apparently, for instance, Hungarians do
not appear to have a single agreeableness factor.
Other researchers have found evidence for agreeableness but not for other factors. It is
important to recognize that individual differences in traits are relevant in a specific
cultural context, and that the traits do not have their effects outside of that context
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