himalayan linguistics - UCSB Linguistics - University of California ...
himalayan linguistics - UCSB Linguistics - University of California ...
himalayan linguistics - UCSB Linguistics - University of California ...
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Himalayan <strong>Linguistics</strong>, Vol 10(1)<br />
The next nine sections exemplify the nine information types starting with the least structurally<br />
important type, cohesive material.<br />
5 Cohesive Material<br />
The cohesive material in the texts primarily takes three forms: 1. A clause with previously stated<br />
information or script determined (i.e. culturally predictable) information that has been subordinated<br />
by means <strong>of</strong> an adverb such as sima¹ ‘after’ or bela¹ ‘at that time’, 2. A main clause that repeats<br />
material that was presented earlier in the text, and 3. A relative clause with a form <strong>of</strong> the impersonal<br />
suffix that communicates old information. Examples (1) and (2) show cohesive material in a<br />
subordinate adverbial clause. In sentence BEAR 020, the text says that the storyteller’s father was<br />
drinking liquor. In the first part <strong>of</strong> sentence BEAR 021, this activity is repeated in a clause subordinated<br />
by the adverb sima¹ ‘after’.<br />
(1) (1) BEAR 020<br />
(1) BEAR 020<br />
te¹ -wa, tiŋ¹la, tum¹ ti¹ -- ŋiɾɑ², pala, ti¹ -ki, tuko¹, tʃʰ..., tʃʰaŋ<br />
there te¹ -from -wa, after tiŋ¹la, bear tum¹ that ti¹ -- -- 1pl.GEN ŋiɾɑ², father pala, thatti¹<br />
-GEN-ki,<br />
like.that tuko¹, HES tʃʰ..., rice.beer tʃʰaŋ<br />
there -from after bear that -- 1pl.GEN father that -GEN like.that HES rice.beer<br />
aɾɑk², tsʰe tsʰe, tʰuŋ -wu ti¹ -- ti¹ bela¹, ti¹ aaa,<br />
liquor aɾɑk², a.little.bit tsʰe a.little.bit tsʰe, drink tʰuŋ -IMS -wuthatti¹<br />
-- that -- ti¹ time.when(N) bela¹, that VerPs ti¹ aaa,<br />
liquor a.little.bit a.little.bit drink -IMS that -- that time.when(N) that VerPs<br />
mwe - gje -la, kʰu..., kʰu..., kʰu... kʰɑŋba¹ -ne wuŋg¹ -up mi², ti¹ -ki<br />
down mwe --<br />
place gje -for -la, HES kʰu..., HES kʰu..., HES kʰu... house kʰɑŋba¹ -from-necomewuŋg¹<br />
-IMS-up<br />
personmi²,<br />
that -GEN ti¹ -ki<br />
down - place -for HES HES HES house -from come -IMS person that -GEN<br />
aɾɑk² kʰun² wa¹ -wu -nok<br />
liquor aɾɑk² carry kʰun² come wa¹ -IMS -wu-PST.Dj.Infer<br />
-nok<br />
'And liquor then carry after that, come our -IMS father -PST.Dj.Infer<br />
was drinking some rice beer and liquor which at that time had been.'<br />
‘ And then after that, our father was drinking some rice beer and liquor which at that time<br />
had 'And been then after brought that, by our those father who was drinking came from some the rice house beer and down liquor there.’ which at that time had been.'<br />
(2) BEAR 021<br />
(2) (2) BEAR ma¹, 021 te¹ aɾɑk² ti¹, tʰu¹ sima¹ ma¹ -- ŋiɾɑ², pala², ti¹<br />
and.then there liquor that drink after and.then -- 1pl.GEN father that<br />
ma¹, te¹ aɾɑk² ti¹, tʰu¹ sima¹ ma¹ -- ŋiɾɑ², pala², ti¹<br />
ŋiɾmu¹ and.then kja¹ there-ni<br />
liquor that -- drink after and.then -- 1pl.GEN father that<br />
angry do.PST -CONV --<br />
ŋiɾmu¹ kja¹ -ni --<br />
'And after drinking the liquor, our father became angry...'<br />
angry do.PST -CONV --<br />
(4) SICK 'And ‘And 009 after drinking the the liquor, liquor, our father our father became became angry...' angry...’<br />
gomu¹ =la ti¹ ɾiki¹ tso² so¹, tɑma¹ ti¹ tiŋ¹la ɾikikuɾ² so¹ +<br />
(4) SICK Example<br />
night 009 (4) illustrates the appearance <strong>of</strong> cohesive material in a main clause. The storyline<br />
=DAT that potato cook eat.PST and.then that after potato.pancake eat.PST +<br />
information introduced in (3), ‘we all ate potato pancakes’, is repeated in (4).<br />
tɑma¹, gomu¹ =la ŋje¹ ti¹ ŋi², ɾiki¹ devidtso²<br />
=kiso¹,<br />
ŋi², kʰɾisti tɑma¹ ŋi² ti¹ ++ tiŋ¹la TTTɾikikuɾ²<br />
kʰɾisti ŋi² tsʰeɾiŋ so¹ ŋi²<br />
+<br />
and.then night =DAT 1sg.ERGthat<br />
twopotato<br />
Davidcook<br />
=ERGeat.PST<br />
two Christy and.then twothat<br />
++ after TTTpotato.pancake<br />
Christy two Tshering eat.PST two +<br />
kja¹ tɑma¹, -niŋje¹<br />
ɾikikuɾ² ŋi², devid =ki ŋi² ŋi² ŋi², so¹ kʰɾisti -wuŋi²<br />
dzɑ ++ TTT + kʰɾisti ŋi² tsʰeɾiŋ ŋi²<br />
<strong>of</strong> state is do.PST and.then construed -CONV 1sg.ERG as imperfective potato.pancake two and David thus =ERG two a background two two eat. Christy PST activity. -IMS two However, NegAtt ++ the TTT + distinction Christybetween<br />
two Tshering non-past two and<br />
past stems has not yet been documented for most Sherpa verbs. Therefore, it is not always clear if a background change<br />
<strong>of</strong> state is 'That kja¹ perfective night -ni (we) or imperfective. cooked ɾikikuɾ² (and) Where ate potatoes. the ŋi² past And and ŋi² then non-past so¹ after that stems -wu (we) are ate distinguishable dzɑpotato<br />
+ pancakes...and they are glossed then I as ate ‘PST’<br />
and ‘NPST’<br />
two do.PST respectively.<br />
potato -CONV pancakes, potato.pancake<br />
David ate two, Christy two ate twotwo...Christy<br />
eat. PST -IMS ate two NegAtt and Tshering + ate two. (Each <strong>of</strong> us)<br />
(5) MRKT<br />
'That<br />
001-002<br />
night (we) cooked (and) ate potatoes. And then after that (we) ate potato pancakes...and then I ate<br />
two potato pancakes, David ate two, Christy 82 ate two...Christy ate two and Tshering ate two. (Each <strong>of</strong> us)<br />
tɑma¹ ti¹ baksila bazaɾ =la ++ mi² mi² - ɾa, tin² +<br />
and.then that Baksila market =DAT<br />
(5) MRKT 001-002<br />
++ person person - CLF seven +
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