himalayan linguistics - UCSB Linguistics - University of California ...
himalayan linguistics - UCSB Linguistics - University of California ...
himalayan linguistics - UCSB Linguistics - University of California ...
You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles
YUMPU automatically turns print PDFs into web optimized ePapers that Google loves.
Himalayan <strong>Linguistics</strong>, Vol 10(1)<br />
10 Flashback B<br />
Two flashback bands have been posited for the Sherpa texts. Flashback B includes information<br />
demoted from the background action band by being temporally out-<strong>of</strong>-sequence. In contrast, the<br />
flashback A band is storyline material that has been demoted by being temporally out-<strong>of</strong>-sequence.<br />
A background action is indicated by an unmarked past verb stem in a medial clause or a<br />
past verb stem marked with the converb suffix -ni. Example (21) illustrates a background action<br />
with an unmarked past verb stem, the eating <strong>of</strong> cooked potatoes, that has been marked as a flashback<br />
by being temporally out-<strong>of</strong>-sequence. First, examples (19) and (20) state that everyone ate<br />
potato pancakes. At the end <strong>of</strong> (20) the storyteller takes a lengthy pause (indicated by ++) which<br />
is followed by unintelligble storyteller commentary and audience commentary (TTT and AAA<br />
respectively). Then in (21) the storyteller goes back in time to describe that the cooked potatoes<br />
were eaten before the potato pancakes.<br />
(19) (19)<br />
SICK SICK SICK<br />
007 007<br />
tɑma¹ tɑma¹<br />
+<br />
ŋima¹ ŋima¹<br />
tiŋ¹la tiŋ¹la<br />
ti¹, ti¹,<br />
sɑma¹ sɑma¹<br />
mamaso¹so¹ kja¹ kja¹<br />
-ni -ni<br />
ŋiɾɑ² ŋiɾɑ²<br />
and.then<br />
+<br />
sun/day<br />
after after<br />
that that<br />
food food<br />
notnot eat.PST eat.PST<br />
do.PST do.PST<br />
-CONV -CONV<br />
1pl.GEN 1pl.GEN<br />
didi didi<br />
ɾikikuɾ²<br />
zo zo<br />
zo zo<br />
si¹ si¹<br />
-ni -ni<br />
-- --<br />
ŋiɾɑŋ²ŋiɾɑŋ² +<br />
devid devid<br />
kʰɾisti kʰɾisti<br />
older.sister(N)<br />
potato.pancake<br />
make make<br />
make make<br />
say say<br />
-CONV<br />
--<br />
1pl.excl<br />
+<br />
David David<br />
Christy Christy<br />
tsʰeɾiŋ<br />
ŋiɾɑŋ²<br />
teɾi² teɾi²<br />
=ki =ki<br />
-- --<br />
ɾikikuɾ²<br />
so¹ so¹<br />
-wu -wu<br />
dzɑ¹ dzɑ¹<br />
+<br />
Tshering<br />
1pl.excl<br />
every<br />
=ERG<br />
--<br />
potato.pancake<br />
eat.PST<br />
-IMS -IMS<br />
NegAtt<br />
+<br />
‘And 'And<br />
'And<br />
then<br />
then the<br />
the the day<br />
day day after<br />
after after that,<br />
that,<br />
we that, we<br />
we<br />
did<br />
did we not<br />
not did eat.<br />
eat.<br />
Then not Then<br />
Then eat. our<br />
our<br />
older Then older<br />
sister<br />
sister our said older said<br />
she<br />
she sister made<br />
made said potato<br />
potato she pancakes.<br />
pancakes. made potato Then<br />
Then<br />
pancakes. we, we,<br />
David, David,<br />
Then Christy, Christy,<br />
we, Tshering, Tshering,<br />
David, we we<br />
Christy, all all<br />
ate ate<br />
potato potato<br />
Tshering, pancakes.' pancakes.'<br />
we all ate potato pancakes.’<br />
(20) (20) SICK SICK<br />
008<br />
ŋje¹<br />
ɾikikuɾ²<br />
ŋi² ŋi²<br />
so¹ so¹<br />
-in -in<br />
++<br />
TTT<br />
AAA<br />
1sg.ERG<br />
potato.pancake<br />
two<br />
eat.PST<br />
-PST.Cj.Dir<br />
++<br />
TTT<br />
AAA<br />
‘I 'I 'I<br />
ate<br />
two two potato potato pancakes....[storyteller and and<br />
audience audience and audience commentary].' commentary].’<br />
(21) (21) SICK SICK 009 009<br />
gomu¹<br />
=la<br />
ti¹ ti¹<br />
ɾiki¹<br />
tso²<br />
so¹,<br />
tɑma¹<br />
ti¹ ti¹<br />
tiŋ¹la<br />
ɾikikuɾ²<br />
so¹ so¹ +<br />
night<br />
=DAT<br />
that<br />
potato<br />
cook<br />
eat.PST<br />
and.then<br />
that<br />
after<br />
potato.pancake<br />
eat.PST<br />
+<br />
tɑma¹,<br />
ŋje¹<br />
ŋi²,<br />
devid<br />
=ki<br />
ŋi²,<br />
kʰɾisti<br />
ŋi² ŋi² ++<br />
TTT<br />
kʰɾisti<br />
ŋi² ŋi²<br />
tsʰeɾiŋ<br />
ŋi² ŋi²<br />
and.then<br />
1sg.ERG<br />
two<br />
David<br />
=ERG<br />
two<br />
Christy<br />
two<br />
++<br />
TTT<br />
Christy<br />
two<br />
Tshering<br />
two two<br />
kja¹<br />
-ni<br />
ɾikikuɾ²<br />
ŋi²<br />
ŋi²<br />
so¹<br />
-wu<br />
dzɑ +<br />
do.PST<br />
-CONV<br />
potato.pancake<br />
two<br />
two<br />
eat.PST<br />
-IMS<br />
NegAtt<br />
+<br />
‘That<br />
'That<br />
night<br />
(we)<br />
cooked<br />
(and) (and)<br />
ate ate ate<br />
potatoes.<br />
And And And<br />
then then then<br />
after after<br />
that that<br />
(we) (we) that<br />
ate ate (we)<br />
potato ate potato<br />
pancakes...and pancakes...<br />
then then<br />
I<br />
and ate ate<br />
two then potato I ate pancakes, two potato David pancakes, ate ate<br />
two,<br />
Christy David ate ate ate two...Christy two, Christy ate ate<br />
two two ate and and two...Christy Tshering<br />
ate ate ate two. two. two (Each (Each and <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong><br />
Tshering us) us)<br />
ate ate<br />
two.' ate two. (Each <strong>of</strong> us) ate two.’<br />
(23)<br />
BEAR<br />
007<br />
ŋiɾɑŋ²<br />
te¹<br />
-wa<br />
pala²<br />
ti¹<br />
=ki<br />
ɖa¹<br />
-p -p<br />
si¹<br />
-ni,<br />
ŋiɾɑŋ²<br />
ŋɑ¹<br />
ti¹ ti¹<br />
pʰo<br />
1pl.excl<br />
there<br />
-from<br />
father<br />
that<br />
=GEN<br />
go<br />
-IMS<br />
say<br />
-CONV<br />
1pl.excl<br />
1sg<br />
that<br />
there<br />
90<br />
tʃuŋma<br />
tʃ...<br />
-- --<br />
tʃuŋma<br />
ʈala¹<br />
gjep<br />
-wu<br />
tʃʰala<br />
l l<br />
̥a²<br />
gɑl¹<br />
-in +<br />
cow<br />
HES<br />
--<br />
cow<br />
down<br />
fall<br />
-IMS<br />
near<br />
look<br />
go.PST<br />
-PST.Cj.Dir +<br />
'My father said that we were going, and we went to look at the place where the cow fell down.'
Change language