himalayan linguistics - UCSB Linguistics - University of California ...

carry -IMS soldier PL =DAT friend need -IMPV -PST.Dj.Infer say -CONV and.then
(24) BATTLE ŋiɾɑŋ², 042 ti¹ mamu¹ l ̥a² -p tɑŋ² kja¹ -ni mamu¹ gɑl¹ -in +
1pl.excl te¹, tiŋ¹la, that te¹ down-walook---IMS
te¹ and
Greninger: haloŋ² do.PST
Another "mo¹, -CONV dɑlza¹, down
look at mɑŋmi², go.PST
storyline marking tuko¹, -PST.Cj.Dir
in Sherpa mmm narrative --+
ma²
'And therethen
after again there after -from some people -- there said again to us ¨down downthere
friend the army soldier/army men are injured like.that and VerPs need some -- injury help.¨
because And the then place we where went down they went to look.'
tind -up mɑŋmi², tuwa¹ =la, is the location dɑlza¹, go¹ where -ki the storyteller’s -nok" friend si¹ becomes -ni, sick. tɑma¹
carry -IMS soldier PL =DAT friend need -IMPV -PST.Dj.Infer say -CONV and.then
(26) SICK SICK 005
(25) BATTLE ŋiɾɑŋ², 043 ti¹ mamu¹ l ̥a² -p tɑŋ² kja¹ -ni mamu¹ gɑl¹ -in +
1pl.excl ŋiɾɑŋ² ti¹ jo¹ gɑl¹ -u dzɑ gomu¹ +
ti¹ bela¹ that down lam² look=ki
-IMS naŋnama and do.PST woŋnama, -CONV down ti¹ mmm, go.PST nnn -PST.Cj.Dir naʈuŋ¹ =ki+
1pl.excl that up go.PST -IMS NegAtt night +
'And
that time.when(N)
then again after
path
some people
=GEN
said
inside
to us ¨down
down
there the army
that VerPs
men are
VerPs
injured
forest
and need
=GEN
(25) BATTLE 043
some help.¨
'We And ‘We went then went we up up to went to that that down place place to at look.' night.' at night.’
mi², tuwa¹, ti¹ + tiwa¹ -ŋ kʰaʃjen² se² -nok,
ti¹ bela¹ lam² =ki naŋnama woŋnama, ti¹ mmm, nnn naʈuŋ¹ =ki
(27) SICK Example that
person
002
time.when(N)
PL that
(27) illustrates path
+ 3pl
=GEN
-also
pattern inside
many
2. The bounded down
kill -PST.Dj.Infer
action that of VerPs meeting VerPs the woman forest is =GEN
(26) SICK 005
indicated
by the past 'At that verb time, stem down tʰeŋ¹ from
te¹ =ki =ne --
‘meet’ the road followed many jungle by the men past (Maoists)
devid tɑŋ² kʰɾisti =la --
disjunct were
te¹ +
inferential killed (i.e. evidential had been killed).' -nok. The
ŋiɾɑŋ²
mi², tuwa¹,
ti¹ jo¹
ti¹ +
gɑl¹
tiwa¹
-u
-ŋ
dzɑ
kʰaʃjen²
gomu¹ +
se² -nok, jul¹ =la juk¹
storyteller
there
employs
=GEN
the
=ABL
inferential -- David
evidential
and Christy
to indicate
=DAT
that -- there
he had + not
village
observed
=DAT
the
visit
meeting. But
1pl.excl
person PL
that up
that
go.PST
+ 3pl
-IMS
-also
NegAtt
many
night +
kill -PST.Dj.Infer
the (26) description SICK 005 of the meeting is reported within the correct temporal sequence of the story in
contrast 'We ɖa¹ 'At that
with went
time,
the up -puse
to
down
that of tʃʰe from
the place =la the
inferential at night.'
road dɑlza¹ many
evidential ɑi², jungle men
to communicate tʰeŋ¹ (Maoists) were -nokkilled
(i.e. had
a flashback in ke² been
(25). + killed).'
ŋiɾɑŋ² ti¹ jo¹ gɑl¹ -u dzɑ gomu¹ +
go.NPST -IMS day =DAT friend older.sister meet.PST -PST.Dj.Infer EMPH +
1pl.excl that up go.PST.Dj -IMS NegAtt night +
(27) (26) SICK
'After 002 005 002 that, on that day David and Christy went up to visit the village, and met a friend-sister.'
'We went up to that place at night.'
te¹ ŋiɾɑŋ² =ki ti¹ =ne jo¹ gɑl¹ -- devid-utɑŋ²
kʰɾisti dzɑ =la gomu¹ -- +
te¹ + jul¹ =la juk¹
(30) MRKT there 1pl.excl 025 =GEN that =ABL up go.PST.Dj -- David-IMS
and Christy NegAtt=DAT
night -+
there + village =DAT visit
(27) SICK 002
jaju¹ 'We went
ɖa¹ doŋbu¹ up to
-p tɑŋ² that place
tʃʰetʃoŋda¹
at night.'
=la gal¹ dɑlza¹ ɑi², AXXX tʰeŋ¹ + -nok ke² +
up
te¹
go.NPST tree
=ki =ne --
-IMSanddaysame
devid
=DAT go.PST.Dj.Dir
tɑŋ² kʰɾisti
friend older.sister AXXX
=la
meet.PST +
-- te¹ + jul¹ =la juk¹ ɖa¹ -p
-PST.Dj.Infer EMPH +
there =GEN =ABL -- David and Christy =DAT -- there + village =DAT visit go -IMS
(27) SICK
'It 'After ‘After became
002
that, as on on high that that day as day the David tree.' David and and Christy Christy went up went to visit up to the visit village, the village, and met and a friend-sister.' met a friend-sister.’
te¹
tʃʰe =la
=ki
dɑlza¹
=ne
ɑi², -- devid tɑŋ²
tʰeŋ¹
kʰɾisti
-nok
=la -- te¹
ke² + jul¹
+
=la juk¹ ɖa¹ -p
day =DAT friend older.sister meet.PST -PST.Dj.Infer EMPH +
(30) MRKT The thereuse
025
=GEN of the =ABL past conjunct -- Daviddirect
and Christy knowledge =DAT evidential -- there-in
+ with village a past =DAT stem, visit the go third -IMS pattern,
is seen 'After in that, (28). on that day David and Christy went up to visit the village, and met a friend-sister.'
jaju¹ tʃʰe =la doŋbu¹ dɑlza¹ tɑŋ² tʃoŋda¹ ɑi², gal¹ tʰeŋ¹ -nok AXXX + ke² +
up day =DAT tree friend and same older.sister go.PST.Dj.Dir meet.PST -PST.Dj.Infer
AXXX + EMPH +
(28) BATTLE 015
'It 'After became that, as on high that as day the David tree.'and
Christy went up to visit the village, and met a friend-sister.'
ŋje¹ sisi, dɑlza¹ ti¹ =la sa¹ -in -- "we, kʰjoɾɑŋ¹ go¹ mape² we,"
1sg.ERG VerPs friend
(28) BATTLE 015
that =DAT say -PST.Cj.Dir -- hey 2sg.NOM door not open COP
‘I 'I said to to my my friend, ¨hey, ¨hey, don't don’t open open the door.¨' the door.¨’
ŋje¹ sisi, dɑlza¹ ti¹ =la sa¹ -in -- "we, kʰjoɾɑŋ¹ go¹ mape² we,"
1sg.ERG VerPs friend that =DAT say -PST.Cj.Dir -- hey 2sg.NOM door not open COP
(29) RAT The 004 fourth pattern, the use of the past disjunct direct knowledge evidential -suŋ with a past
stem, is 'I shown said to in my (29). friend, ¨hey, don't open the door.¨'
tɑma¹ ŋɑ¹ loŋ² ŋiɾmu¹ la¹ -suŋ,
and.then 1sg again angry
(29) RAT 004
felt -PST.Dj.Dir
'And then I also became angry.'
tɑma¹ ŋɑ¹ loŋ² ŋiɾmu¹ la¹ -suŋ,
and.then 1sg again angry felt -PST.Dj.Dir
(30) MRKT 025
‘And 'And then I also I also became angry.' angry.’
jaju¹ doŋbu¹ tɑŋ² tʃoŋda¹ gal¹ AXXX +
up tree and same go.PST.Dj AXXX +
(30) MRKT A second 025 example of pattern 4 is illustrated in (30). Here a storyline clause takes the form
of an unmarked 'It became past as high stem. as the The tree.' main verb gal¹ ‘go.PST.Dj.Dir’ without an evidential has the same
jaju¹ doŋbu¹ tɑŋ² tʃoŋda¹ gal¹ AXXX +
semantic value as gal¹-suŋ ‘go.PST-PST.Dj.Dir’, which only appears once in the corpus. According
up tree and same go.PST.Dj AXXX +
to my language consultants, gal¹ is the only unmarked past stem in the text corpus that communicates
evidentiality 'It became as and high can as the act tree.' as main verb.
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