himalayan linguistics - UCSB Linguistics - University of California ...
himalayan linguistics - UCSB Linguistics - University of California ...
himalayan linguistics - UCSB Linguistics - University of California ...
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gjaŋʃe¹ -ki -wi<br />
extinguish -IMPV -NPST.Dj.Com<br />
'I myself, at that time, just before, gaaa, if I had set fire and immediately freed it, (then I would have had<br />
Himalayan to set <strong>Linguistics</strong>, it on) fire again. Vol 10(1) If the rat jumped around like "batang biting" the fire would be put out, right?'<br />
(11) BATTLE 023-024<br />
te¹ -wa<br />
there -from<br />
--<br />
--<br />
"tataŋ tɑŋ²<br />
ONOM and<br />
haɾiŋ¹<br />
today<br />
jin<br />
COP<br />
na<br />
Q<br />
--<br />
--<br />
ma¹, ti¹ mo¹ saleɾi sɑŋ²<br />
and.then that down Saleri town also<br />
tutuŋ" sit¹ -up,<br />
ONOM say -IMS<br />
ti¹ jin dzɑ +<br />
that COP NegAtt +<br />
tamŋje¹,<br />
incident<br />
+<br />
+<br />
kʰaʃjen²<br />
many<br />
mɑk²<br />
war<br />
gjek -up<br />
fight -IMS<br />
ti¹ hakko -suŋ<br />
that hear/understand -PST.Dj.Dir<br />
--<br />
--<br />
+<br />
+<br />
tuko¹<br />
like.that<br />
la, tɑ¹<br />
OK now<br />
‘Then 'Then there was was lots lots <strong>of</strong> fighting <strong>of</strong> fighting down down in Salleri in Salleri and we and heard we a sound heard like a sound ¨tatang like and ¨tatang tutung¨. Oh, and that tutung¨.<br />
day was Oh, like that that.' day was like that.’<br />
Storyteller evaluations interrupt the narrative flow so that the storyteller can make a personal<br />
comment. In this section, we have seen examples <strong>of</strong> three types <strong>of</strong> evaluative information: a<br />
rhetorical question, an opinion about what could have hypothetically happened, and a comment<br />
using the negative attitude particle that expresses the storyteller’s negative feelings about an incident<br />
he had witnessed. This information has little structural importance because it refers to the<br />
inner<br />
(9) MRKT<br />
world<br />
026-028<br />
<strong>of</strong> the storyteller rather than the storyworld in which the action is taking place. In the<br />
next section "dzoŋwe<br />
look dzoŋ" at examples siɾa + <strong>of</strong> irrealis ti¹ gaɾiguɾi material, niŋ², which go¹, kaɾuŋ refers to dik, alternate or embedded storyworlds<br />
rather fire.sound than fire.sound the main with storyworld + thatin<br />
around which PRT the main dooraction<br />
windowtakes<br />
lower.part.<strong>of</strong>.window.frame<br />
place.<br />
gajɾa zo -ni, tana,tan ti¹ -- ʃiŋ² =ki ʃipʃok, maŋmu,<br />
all make -CONV full that -- wood =GEN wood.shavings many<br />
7 Irrealis<br />
wot¹ -u -ki -- ti¹ tʰaŋga =la AAA + tɑma¹ jɑŋ² kɑŋ¹ kit¹ -up<br />
Clauses<br />
COP<br />
that refer<br />
-IMS<br />
to<br />
-IMPV<br />
possible<br />
--<br />
‘worlds’<br />
that ground<br />
or ‘realities’<br />
=DAT<br />
that<br />
AAA<br />
are<br />
+<br />
distinct<br />
and.then<br />
from<br />
EMPH<br />
the storyworld<br />
what do<br />
in which<br />
-IMS<br />
the action<br />
<strong>of</strong> the story takes place are irrealis clauses. The irrealis material in the Sherpa texts takes four forms:<br />
1. Quoted namaterial<br />
kɑŋ¹ kit¹ (direct -up, and indirect), 2. Negated verbs, 3. Modal verbs, and 4. Purpose clauses.<br />
QExample<br />
what (12) do illustrates -IMS an interrogative direct quotation. The quotative frame si¹ni ‘(he) said’<br />
is a background '(The fire burned) action. with But the sound quoted "dzong material dzong". is irrealis Around information there it was full because <strong>of</strong> doors, it refers windows, to a ‘reality’<br />
(the viewpoint window/door <strong>of</strong> the supports participants) already that finished is separate and also from a lot <strong>of</strong> the saw ‘reality’ dust and (the wood viewpoint shavings <strong>of</strong> on the storyteller) ground<br />
in which [audience the action comment]. <strong>of</strong> the story And then takes what place. to do what to do?'<br />
(12) BATTLE 007-009<br />
mi² woɾu, tɑŋ²<br />
person sound and<br />
bela¹ +<br />
time.when(N) +<br />
kʰaʃjen²,<br />
many<br />
pɑŋ¹la<br />
outside<br />
kja¹ -nok"<br />
do.PST -PST.Dj.Infer<br />
pɑŋ¹la l̥a² -suŋ<br />
outside look -PST.Dj.Dir<br />
tʰo -suŋ<br />
hear -PST.Dj.Dir<br />
l ̥a² -suŋ<br />
look -PST.Dj.Dir<br />
si¹ -ni,<br />
say -CONV<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
ma¹ ŋje¹, dɑlza¹,<br />
and.then 1sg.GEN friend<br />
"kɑŋ¹<br />
what<br />
tuk¹ kja¹ -ni,<br />
like.that do.PST -CONV<br />
nok pʰa haɾiŋ¹<br />
COP.Infer there today<br />
(pʰa),<br />
VerPs<br />
dɑlza¹<br />
friend<br />
ti¹ =ki<br />
that =GEN<br />
di¹<br />
this<br />
ti¹ =ki,<br />
that =ERG<br />
'We ‘We heard a lot a <strong>of</strong> lot people's <strong>of</strong> people’s voices.¨What voices. ¨What is that there is that that there happened that today¨ happened my friend today¨ said. my He friend did like<br />
that said. (said He with did like a hand that motion) (said with as he a looked hand outside. motion) And as then he looked at that outside. time, my And friend then looked at outside.' that time,<br />
my friend looked outside.’<br />
(15) MRKT 002<br />
gɑl¹ sima¹<br />
go.PST after<br />
tɑma¹ +<br />
and.then +<br />
gajɾa eee + 86ɾeŋgaj¹<br />
ti¹ mi² mi² -<br />
all (N) VerPs + some that person person -<br />
ti¹ + jɑŋ², tsikpa¹ gjak¹ -up =la + wot¹ dzɑ -- wala --<br />
ɾa<br />
CLF<br />
sum²<br />
three<br />
ʒi²<br />
four
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