himalayan linguistics - UCSB Linguistics - University of California ...

Greninger: Another look at storyline marking in Sherpa narrative
were lots of finished wood products lying around near the fire. In the face of this situation, the
narrator utters the comment of desperation at the end of (9), ‘And then what to do what to do?’
The storyteller is not asking for advice from the audience about what he should have done, rather
he is using a question rhetorically to emphasize the desperation of the situation he was describing.
It is clear that this question is rhetorical because after the question, there is only a very short pause
(indicated by the comma) before he continues with the story. The storyteller does not stop to allow
the audience to give an answer.
(9) MRKT 026-028
"dzoŋ dzoŋ" siɾa +
fire.sound fire.sound with +
gajɾa
all
zo -ni,
make -CONV
tana,tan
full
ti¹ gaɾiguɾi
that around
ti¹ --
that --
niŋ²,
PRT
ʃiŋ² =ki
wood =GEN
go¹, kaɾuŋ dik,
door window lower.part.of.window.frame
ʃipʃok, maŋmu,
wood.shavings many
(9) MRKT wot¹ 026-028 -u -ki -- ti¹ tʰaŋga =la AAA + tɑma¹ jɑŋ² kɑŋ¹ kit¹ -up
COP -IMS -IMPV
"dzoŋ dzoŋ"
-- that ground =DAT AAA + and.then EMPH what do
siɾa + ti¹ gaɾiguɾi niŋ², go¹, kaɾuŋ dik,
-IMS
na fire.sound kɑŋ¹ kit¹ fire.sound -up, with + that around PRT door window lower.part.of.window.frame
Q what do -IMS
gajɾa zo -ni, tana,tan ti¹ -- ʃiŋ² =ki ʃipʃok, maŋmu,
‘(The '(The all fire make burned) -CONV with with the full sound the sound "dzong that“dzong
-dzong".
wooddzong”.
Around =GENthere
Around wood.shavings it was there full of it many doors, was full windows, of doors, windows,
window/door window/door supports already supports finished already and finished also a lot and of saw also dust a lot and of wood saw shavings dust and on wood the ground shavings
[audience wot¹ -u comment]. -ki And -- ti¹ then tʰaŋga what to =la do what AAA to do?' + tɑma¹ jɑŋ² kɑŋ¹ kit¹ -up
on the ground [audience comment]. And then what to do what to do?’
COP -IMS -IMPV -- that ground =DAT AAA + and.then EMPH what do.NPST -IMS
(12) BATTLE Example na kɑŋ¹ 007-009 (10) kit¹ illustrates -up, two sentences from the RAT story in which the storyteller is explaining
mi² Qwhy
what he woɾu, set do.NPST the tɑŋ² rat kʰaʃjen², on -IMS fire in tʰothe
-suŋ cage and let ma¹ the fire burn ŋje¹, for awhile dɑlza¹, before ti¹ =ki letting the rat
out. RAT person '(The 27 fire ends sound burned) with andwith
a question many the sound marker hear "dzong -PST.Dj.Dir indicating dzong". Around and.then that the there 1sg.GEN storyteller it was full friend of is asking doors, that windows, the =GEN audience to
affirm what window/door he said supports about what already would finished have and hypothetically also a lot of saw happened dust and wood if he shavings had freed on the the ground rat im-
bela¹ + pɑŋ¹la l ̥a² -suŋ + "kɑŋ¹ nok pʰa haɾiŋ¹ di¹
mediately [audience after setting comment]. it on And fire. then what to do what to do?'
time.when(N) + outside look -PST.Dj.Dir + what COP.Infer there today this
(10) (10) RAT kja¹ 026-027 -nok" si¹ -ni, tuk¹ kja¹ -ni, (pʰa), dɑlza¹ ti¹ =ki,
do.PST -PST.Dj.Infer say -CONV like.that do.PST -CONV VerPs friend that =ERG
ŋje¹ pala² tɑ¹ ti¹ -- hana¹ malak¹ gaaa -- me¹, tʃe² -ni ʃakgjak¹
pɑŋ¹la 1sg.ERGl̥a²
myself -suŋ now that -+
before just Ver.Pause -- fire set.fire -CONV immediately
outside look -PST.Dj.Dir +
toŋg¹ -up sisiŋ¹ , jeloŋ² me¹ -- "bataŋ bitiŋ" pʰiɾ¹ -siŋ me¹
'We set.loose heard a -IMS lot of people's if voices.¨What again fire --is
ONOM that there that jump happened -if today¨ fire my friend said. He did like
that (said with a hand motion) as he looked outside. And then at that time, my friend looked outside.'
gjaŋʃe¹ -ki -wi
jin na --
extinguish -IMPV -NPST.Dj.Com
(15) MRKT 002
COP Q --
‘I 'I myself, at at that time, time, just just before, before, gaaa, gaaa, if I had if set
gɑl¹ sima¹ tɑma¹ + gajɾa eee + ɾeŋgaj¹
I had fire and set immediately fire and immediately freed it, (then freed I would it, (then have had I
ti¹ mi² mi² - ɾa sum² ʒi²
would to set it have on) fire had again. to set If it the
go.PST after and.then +
on) rat fire jumped again. around If
all (N) VerPs +
the like
some rat "batang jumped biting" around the fire like would “batang be put biting” out, right?' the fire
that person person - CLF three four
would be put out, right?’
(11) BATTLE ti¹ + jɑŋ², 023-024tsikpa¹
gjak¹ -up =la + wot¹ dzɑ -- wala --
Finally, that + EMPH in (11) wall the storyteller make -IMS uses the = DAT negative + COP attitude NegAtt -- wall(E) --
te¹ -wa ma¹, ti¹ mo¹ saleɾi sɑŋ² +
particle dzɑ to express his negative
kʰaʃjen² mɑk² gjek -up -- tuko¹
feelings 'And there
about after -from
the we events went, and.then
in some the
that of story. the down group At
Saleri
the of everyone, end
town
of (11),
also three the
+ or storyteller four manymen,
war they states were fight
‘Oh, there -IMS
that to make day
-- like.that
was a like
that.’ This wall...wall.' statement was made after the storyteller had just described a battle he had witnessed.
-- "tataŋ tɑŋ² tutuŋ" sit¹ -up, tamŋje¹, ti¹ hakko -suŋ + la, tɑ¹
-- ONOM and
(17) MRKT 004
ONOM say -IMS incident that hear/understand -PST.Dj.Dir + OK now
tɑma¹ haɾiŋ¹ ti¹ ŋi¹ loŋ² jin -- dzɑ tsik¹ ʃe² + -wu
and.then today that 1pl again COP -NegAtt
wall know + -IMS
85
ti¹ jeloŋ² mi² -
that again person -
ɾa
CLF
sum² ti¹ +
three that +