(a) (b) (c) (d) Figure 7. (a) Cross-sectional SEM images of NCO-NZSP interface and EDS-mapping of (b) cobalt and zirconium. (c) Images of LTO-NZSP interface and EDS-mapping of (d) titanium and zirconium. Figure 8 shows the electrochemical performance of the cell operated at 200 o C. The evolution of the impedance of the NaxCoO2/NZSP/LTO battery has been analyzed based on the impedance spectrum in Figure 8(a). From the fitted NZSP bulk resistance Rbulk ≈ 582.4 Ω, the ionic conductivity of the electrolyte can be calculated to 1.01 × 10 -4 S/cm at 200 o C using equation (2-1). Figure 8(b) shows the galvanostatic cycling of the cell between 0.5 and 2.5 V at 200 o C, which exhibited a capacity of 10.5 mA h g -1 for a current rate of 0.5C (37.4 μA cm -2 ). (a) (b) Figure 8. (a) Impedance spectrum and (b) capacity of a plasma-sprayed NaxCoO2/NZSP/LTO ASS-SIB. 14 <strong>DVS</strong> 393
4 Conclusions The NZSP electrolytes were prepared by APS with feedstock powders in three different size ranges. The effect of powder size, spray parameters and annealing were examined to clarify their impact on the microstructure and chemical composition of the NZSP electrolytes. Moreover, a NaxCoO2/NZSP/LTO preliminary battery was assembled by APS. The main conclusions can be drawn as follows. 1. The dense NZSP deposits with well-bonded splats were prepared by APS using NZSP sinter-crushed powders. The porosity of the deposit could be reducded to less than 3.5 % with medium sized powders in a size range of 50 - 60 μm. 2. The evaporation loss of Na and P occurred which resulted in the formation of ZrO2 phase during plasma spraying. Results show that the evaporation loss can be alleviated when the particle size is larger than 40 μm. 3. The annealing has a limited impact on the microstructure of deposits. However, the high temperature annealing (>800 o C) promotes the recovery of NASICON structure. 4. The preliminary ASS-SIB battery assembled with NZSP of an ionic conductivity of 1.01 × 10 -4 S/cm at 200 o C exhibited a capacity of 10.5 mA h g -1 at 0.5-2.5 V and a current density of 37.4 μA cm -2 . Acknowledgments The present project is financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2021YFB4001400). Literature [1] H.T. Tan, D. Chen, X.H. Rui, and Y. Yu, Peering into Alloy Anodes for Sodium-Ion Batteries: Current Trends, Challenges, and Opportunities, Adv. Funct. Mater., 2019. 29(14): 1808745. [2] P.K. Nayak, L.T. Yang, W. Brehm, and P. Adelhelm, From Lithium-Ion to Sodium-Ion Batteries: Advantages, Challenges, and Surprises, Angew. Chem. Int. Edit., 2018. 57(1): 102-120. [3] H.A.K. Toprakci and O. Toprakci, Recent Advances in New-Generation Electrolytes for Sodium-Ion Batteries, Energies, 2023. 16(7): 3169. [4] J.B. Goodenough, Rechargeable batteries: challenges old and new, J. Solid State Electr., 2012. 16(6): 2019-2029. [5] N. Tanibata, T. Matsuyama, A. Hayashi, and M. Tatsumisago, All-solid-state sodium batteries using amorphous TiS3 electrode with high capacity, J. Power Sources, 2015. 275: 284-287. [6] R.J. Chen, W.J. Qu, X. Guo, L. Li, and F. Wu, The pursuit of solid-state electrolytes for lithium batteries: from comprehensive insight to emerging horizons, Mater. Horiz., 2016. 3(6): 487-516. [7] X.C. Lu, G.G. Xia, J.P. Lemmon, and Z.G. Yang, Advanced materials for sodium-beta alumina batteries: Status, challenges and perspectives, J. Power Sources, 2010. 195(9): 2431-2442. [8] Q.L. Ma, M. Guin, S. Naqash, C.L. Tsai, F. Tietz, and O. Guillon, Scandium-Substituted Na3Zr2(SiO4)2(PO4) Prepared by a Solution Assisted Solid-State Reaction Method as Sodium-Ion Conductors, Chem. Mater., 2016. 28(13): 4821-4828. [9] L.B. Ran, A. Baktash, M. Li, Y. Yin, B. Demir, T.G. Lin, M. Li, M. Rana, I. Gentle, L.Z. Wang, D.J. Searles, and R. Knibbe, Sc, Ge co-doping NASICON boosts solid-state sodium ion batteries' performance, Energy Storage Mater., 2021. 40: 282-291. [10] A. Hayashi, M. Tatsumisago and A. Sakuda, Interfacial Observation between LiCoO2 Electrode and Li2S−P2S5 Solid Electrolytes of All-Solid-State Lithium Secondary Batteries Using Transmission Electron Microscopy, Chem. Mater., 2010. 22: 949-956. [11] L.P. Wang, Q.J. Wang, W.S. Jia, S.L. Chen, P. Gao, and J.Z. Li, Li metal coated with amorphous Li3PO4 via magnetron sputtering for stable and long-cycle life lithium metal batteries, J. Power Sources, 2017. 342: 175-182. [12] P. Kehne, C. Guhl, Q.L. Ma, F. Tietz, L. Alff, R. Hausbrand, and P. Komissinskiy, Sc-substituted NA- SICON solid electrolyte for an all-solid-state NaxCoO2/NASICON/Na sodium model battery with stable electrochemical performance, J. Power Sources, 2019. 409: 86-93. [13] C.J. Li and A. Ohmori, Relationships between the microstructure and properties of thermally sprayed deposits, J. Therm. Spray Techn., 2002. 11(3): 365-374. [14] S.W. Yao, C.J. Li, J.J. Tian, G.J. Yang, and C.X. Li, Conditions and mechanisms for the bonding of a molten ceramic droplet to a substrate after high-speed impact, Acta. Mater., 2016. 119: 9-25. [15] X. Chen, C.C. Kou, S.L. Zhang, C.X. Li, G.J. Yang, and C.J. Li, Effects of Powder Structure and Size on Gd2O3 Preferential Vaporization During Plasma Spraying of Gd2Zr2O7, J. Therm. Spray Techn., 2020. 29(1-2): 105-114. [16] Y.Q. Sun, X.T. Luo, Y.S. Zhu, X.J. Liao, and C.J. Li, Li3PO4 electrolyte of high conductivity for all-solidstate lithium battery prepared by plasma spray, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 2022. 42(10): 4239-4247. <strong>DVS</strong> 393 15
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