Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry - Institut za Stočarstvo

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Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry 27 (2), p 285-292 , 2011 ISSN 1450-9156 Publisher: Institute for Animal Husbandry, Belgrade-Zemun UDC 636.083:636.4 DOI:10.2298/BAH1102285J PHYSIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF BEHAVIOUR OF SOWS AND PIGLETS DURING THE LACTATION PERIOD M. Joksimović-Todorović 1 , V. Davidović 1 , B. Živković 2 1 Faculty of Agriculture, 11080, Belgrade-Zemun, Republic of Serbia 2 Institute for Animal Husbandry, 11080, Belgrade-Zemun, Republic of Serbia Corresponding author: miratodo@agrif.bg.ac.rs Review paper Abstract: Maternal ability represents complex interactions between different forms of behaviour and physiological characteristics. Behaviour and metabolic processes are partly under the control of endocrine and nervous systems. Sows are different from other mammals, in that sows bear a large number mature baby, capable immediately to suckling. Post partum anabolic processes become catabolic, giving priority to dairy gland in relation to other tissues. Maximum secretated milk takes place betwen 2. and 3. week. Sows lost in body mass and it is appeared the change in value of some bloods parameters. Haemotologic analyses have suggested the increase in total number of leukocytes and neutrophilic granulocytes and the decrease in the number of lymphocytes, monocytes and eosinophils on the first day postpartum. In the third and fourth week of lactation a statistically significant fall in the number of leukocytes and granulocytes in relation to the first day was observed, along with a significant increase in limphocytes, monocytes and eosinophils. Erythrocyte count, haemoglobin concentration and haematocrit value decreased during the lactation period. Level of glucose in plasma is low (it is decreasing for more than 50%), while the level of urea is high, due to huge proteins available. It can also be noticed that there is a high mobilisation of body fat an increasing level of NEFA (non-esterified fatty acid). Secretion of milk is under control prolactin and oxytocin. Oxytocin affects on maternal behaviour and prolactin is linked with timing of suck. Key words: behaviour, sow, piglet, lactation. Introduction Hormonal changes, prior and post parturition do impel the sow to build a nest. It is one of the main characteristics of sow behaviour started by an individual 24h or 15h prior parturition at the latest (Damm et al., 2003), and is the result of increased secretion of prostoglandin F2alfa (Burne at al., 2001). Enclosed housing
286 M. Joksimović-Todorović et al. systems hinder this need what is frustrating to sows, especially in the phase when pregnant sows are being removed into buildings in which they are kept individually in impacted boxes (Vučinić and Hristov, 2002; Hötzel et al., 2005). In order to avoid these stress situations, a week prior parturition it is necessary to supply sow with suitable material for nest building-up (Stanković et al., 2007). The use of jammed boxes in farrowing houses represents the problem discussed for many years to the purpose to protect the welfare of both sows and piglets (Hristov et al., 2001). The increased level of cortisol can indicate frustrations when the sows deprive themselves of natural behaviour (Mason at al., 2001; Thodberg et al., 2002). Numerous physiological and biochemical studies have been used for the estimation of welfare and they are mostly concerned with the determination of adrenal gland and hypophysis hormones concentration, especially glucocorticosteroids (GC) in blood (Hristov and Bešlin, 1991; Hristov et al., 2008). Increased levels of cortisol, insulin and thyroid hormones indicate the presence of stress (Joksimović Todorović et al., 2007). Changes occurring in the hypothalamushypophysis-adrenal cortex system or vegetative nervous system are not reflected in the form of some psychological reaction but they are reflected on the homeostatic metabolic processes and animal immunity system (Joksimović Todorović et al., 2008). It is necessary to bring the sow into a certain condition by the farrowing term. Diets must be of good quality, protected against contamination and development of mycotoxins (Jokić et al., 2003; Joksimović Todorović et al., 2004; Petrović et al., 2007). After parturition the organism of individual passes from anabolic to catabolic state when sows lose their body mass and the concentrations of some hormones, concentration of glucose, urea and non-esterificated fatty acids (NEFA) in blood changes (Algers and Uvnäs-Moberg, 2007). The most intensive catabolic processes in sows occur in the 3rd and 4th lactation week when piglets reach the plateau in their daily liveweight gain. Metabolic changes in sows from prepartal period to weaning Maternal ability represents complex interactions between different forms of behaviour and physiological characteristics. Factors that influence sow maternal behaviour are: litter size, vitality, health and regime of nutrition. Sows differ from other domestic mammals because they bring forth a large number of mature youngs capable for immediate suckling. Suckling is initiated by sow by calling the piglets making some grunting sounds while piglets try to stimulate sow` s teats for milk ejection by tactile teasing (Vučinić and Radenković-Damjanović, 2000). During gestation mother`s body reserves are increasing in order to provide milk production after parturition. After parturition the organism passes from anabolic into catabolic
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Table 1. Feeding regime durring the
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The effect of crossing of domestic
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158 J. Pleadin et al. CACCIATORE G.
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160 Efficiency of bovine IGF -I gen
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190 D. M. Ogah Blasco et al. (1984)
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192 D. M. Ogah Tabe 1. Descriptive
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196 D. M. Ogah HU Y.H. (1999) .Vari
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200 Results and Discussion V. Gerzi
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