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Influence of the prebiotic Salgard ... Seventy two Pekin ducklings were sexed, individually weighed and distributed randomly into 3 groups of 24 birds (1 control and 2 treatments)(12 ♂and 12 ♀). All birds were fed with diet containing ME – 12.4 MJ/kg and CP – 18.6 % during the starter period (1-28 day of age) and diet containing ME – 12.7 MJ/kg and CP – 16 % during the finisher period (29-63 day of age) and only varied in the feed additives . The ducklings from group I (control) fed a standard diet; group II – fed the same dietsupplemented with the prebiotic Salgard produced by Optivite LTD, Nottinghamshire, UK at a concentration of 0.15 %, and group III – fed the same diet supplemented with 0.15 % of a herb mixture in an equal proportion (0.03% of each herb - rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), thyme (Thymus serpyllum), basil (Ocimum basilicum), oregano (Origanum vulgare L.), cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum). All herbs were produced by Bioset LTD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. The Salgard and herb mixture were added in diet from the 1 st day of age to the end of the experiment.. Histological examinations. The material for the histological study − pieces of about 1 cm 3 in size, was obtained from different parts of the intestines (middle part of ileum and both caeca), the liver and the kidneys immediately after the birds were slaughtered – (six birds from each group – 3 males and 3 females). The samples were immediately placed into 10% neutral formalin. After fixation, the samples were washed with running water, dehydrated in an alcohol series, cleared in xylene, and embedded in paraffin. The formed blocks were cut with a paraffin microtome “Reichert.” The 6 µm tick sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The observation, micro morphometric examination and photographing were done on a “Hund” microscope. The metric study of the preparations was performed with a standardized eye piece-micrometer. The following parameters were measured – length of villi intestinals, epithelial height of lamina epithelialis, diameter of intestinal glands. It was made 10 measurements per parameter from each slaughtered bird Microbiological examinations. The faecal content of the ileum and caeca was examined microbiologically by means of routine laboratory methods for isolation, identification, and typizations by genus and species. A part of microbial isolates were identified on the semi-automated identification system CRYSTAL (Becton Dickinson) for enterobacteria and staphylococci, as well as on the АPI-20 NE system. Statistical analyses. Micro morphometric histological examinations were expressed as a mean and standard error. Data were subjected to one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using GraphPad InStat 3.06 software to determine the level of significance among mean values Tukey's HSD test was performed as a post-hoc test after ANOVA. 199
200 Results and Discussion V. Gerzilov et al. Light microscope examination revealed that the ileal wall of the ducklings from the three groups was composed of 4 layers: tunica mucosa, tunica submucosa, tunica muscularis, and tunica serosa. The mucous coat is formed of three sublayers: lamina epithelialis – a single-layer columnar epithelium, lamina propria – loose connecting tissue, in which her intestinal glands are located, and lamina muscularis – smooth muscle tissue, which goes into the villi and attains almost up to their tips. The submucosa is a very thin layer whereas the musculature is made of a thicker internal and a thinner external smooth muscle layers. The outermost layer of the intestine is the serous coat – visceral peritoneum. The micro morphometrical measurments study (Table 1) also shows that the ileum’s mucosa forms relatively high villi intestinales, and they are the highest in the ducklings from the group II (Figure 1), while in groups I and III the differences were insignificant (Figure 2). A similar tendency was observed in the height of lamina epithelialis and the diameter of intestinal glands. Figure 1. Cross section through the ileal wall (II group): 1 – l. epithelialis. 2 – l. propria. 3 – l. muscularis. 4 – t. submucosa. 5 – t. muscularis. 6 – intestinal glands (bar = 100 µm). The structure of the caeca wall in the three groups of ducklings is typical for this part of the digestive system. It contains the same 4 layers observed in the ileum. The birds from group II and group III have an increased presence of leucocytes in the propria of the mucosa and in the submucosa (Figure 3). There is no visible difference in the structure of the caeca wall between birds which were fed with Salgard and herbal mixture. The data from the micro morphometrical study indicates that Pekin ducklings, which received the prebiotic Salgard, villi intestinal reach the greatest height (Table 1). The epithelium height and the
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UDC 636 ISSN 1450-9156 VOL 27, 2 Fo
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Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry 2
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Table 1. Feeding regime durring the
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The effect of crossing of domestic
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Determination of lead, cadmium and
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260 A. Kuzelov et al carcass clean.
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262 A. Kuzelov et al Flak et al. (1
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Materials and Methods Study of bioc
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Study of biochemical polymorphism .
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Study of biochemical polymorphism .
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Physiological aspects of behaviour
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Instruction for authors Papers for
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PETROVIĆ D.M., GUTIĆ M., BOGOSAVL
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Registration fee Registration fee i
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Институт за сточар
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