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I NTEGRATED PLANNING Plural Democracy Sony Pellissery Associate Professor, Institute of Rural Management, Anand THE INDIA ECONOMY REVIEW 13
P LANNING P ARADIGM paign in 1992: ‘It is economy, stupid’. Second, denounce such simplifi cation and let planning acknowledge ideologies more seriously. In the Indian context, the second approach has more worth since planning has taken issues of inequality and poverty, which requires differential treat- ment of different groups. India has not seen individuals like Bismark in Germany or Beveridge in the United Kingdom, i.e., those who have made practical application of the social rights through policy instru- ments in those countries. But, Planning Commission has fi lled this void to some extent. Chelliah (2007) has shown in a paper how Planning Commission could undertake the responsibility for develop- ing backward states through differential policy prescriptions. This differential policy prescription (see chapter 4 of Sachs [2005] or Galbraith [1972] for more de- tails), which is primarily an equity-based argumentation could be effective only when ideologies have been taken seriously. What is the nature of planning when ideologies are taken more seriously? Planning in Interactive Contexts Charles E. Lindblom (1977), in his famous Politics and Markets, showed how intellectually guided ‘decision’ and so- cially guided ‘volition’ are two modes of reaching solutions: “The 14 THE IIPM THINK TANK Persuasion is demystifying the impossibility of means-ends dichotomy and releasing the power of ideas model of the intellectually guided society, Model 1, specifi ed that some people in the society are wise and informed enough to ameliorate its problems and guide social change with a high degree of success. Ac- cording to Model 2, however, ‘everyone well knows himself to be falliable’, as J. S. Mill argued in “On Liberty.” While in the Model 2 interaction becomes part of the decision making. In the process of interaction to reach an agreement persuasion or bargaining or coercion takes place. A healthy democracy should aspire to carry out the role of persuasion to a great extent, which could ensure deepening of the democracy as well. Persuasion is not merely about reasoned arguments and backing with evidence, but also winning the other comprehensively, even by appealing to values. “Power has a rationality that rationality does not know, whereas rationality does not have a power that power does not know” (Flyvberg, 1998: 2). Persuasion with reasoned arguments alone is the voice of the experts. Ethnographic revelations about such expert-led planning have been scandalous, and has been moderately criticized as ‘anti-politics machine’ (Ferguson, 1994). Such anti-politics machine of planning also initially sidelines the ideational frame of social change by effectively blocking the new ideas on the periphery. Good example is to look at how most of the grandeous plans have ignored the way social and structural processes producing poverty at local level. A slowly, but steadily, growing stream of literature on social structures of accumulation in India, has shown how both planning process as well as market is entrenched in the social structures. Such entrenchment retards the development of a liberal capitalism, as well as threatens the fabric of democracy by stifl ing the voices which have limited economic resources. Persuasion is the ability to take cognizance of such different voices and to allow intellectual space not to stifl e new ideas. “Practical men, who believe themselves to be quite exempt from any intellectual infl uence, are usually the slaves of some defunct economist.” (Keynes 1936: 383). A persuasive planner could act as a policy entrepreneur. A policy entrepreneur is engaged in streamlining the problems and solutions to the political environment. Technically, this process is called as ‘opening of policy windows’ (Kingdon 1995; Roberts & King, 1991). Properties of problems in pluralist democracies are often ‘constructed’ than given. Solutions are
Page 1 and 2: THE INDIA ECONOMY REVIEW Volume VII
Page 3 and 4: IIPM: THE FUTURE IS HERE Since its
Page 5 and 6: CREDITS Founder Dr. M. K. Chaudhuri
Page 7 and 8: P LANNING P ARADIGM In the State of
Page 9 and 10: P LANNING P ARADIGM Almost all wond
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Page 15 and 16: P LANNING P ARADIGM The Complexity
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Page 21 and 22: crises. This note contends that the
Page 23 and 24: proximately 25% of the then global
Page 25 and 26: process of economic growth. Newly d
Page 27 and 28: Japanese radio with one transistor
Page 29 and 30: I NTEGRATED PLANNING THE INDIA ECON
Page 31 and 32: in such times. The other institutio
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Page 35 and 36: Entire network works out as a singl
Page 37 and 38: nomic order. In his infl uential 19
Page 39 and 40: I NTEGRATED PLANNING The experience
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Page 49 and 50: But there lied the fault. The fi rs
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Domestic Product not only fl uctuat
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P LANNING LA LANNI NNING NG P ARADI
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P LANNING P ARADIGM nomic growth ra
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P LANNING P ARADIGM Commission play
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P LANNING P ARADIGM Whither Economi
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P LANNING P ARADIGM achieving “mo
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P LANNING P ARADIGM Table 3 . Inves
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P LANNING P ARADIGM 80 THE IIPM THI
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P LANNING P ARADIGM matic character
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P LANNING P ARADIGM Resource Data M
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P LANNING P ARADIGM Don't Throw the
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P LANNING P ARADIGM dynamic and the
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P LANNING P ARADIGM Commission from
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P LANNING P ARADIGM Commission has
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P LANNING P ARADIGM A Tale of Two C
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P LANNING P ARADIGM After the elect
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P LANNING P ARADIGM The Road to Pro
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P LANNING P ARADIGM rather through
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P LANNING P ARADIGM The road to hig
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P LANNING P ARADIGM From State to D
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P LANNING P ARADIGM began by taking
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P LANNING P ARADIGM leadership in B
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P LANNING P ARADIGM Unhealthy Plann
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P LANNING P ARADIGM made for enabli
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P LANNING P ARADIGM too failed. The
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P LANNING P ARADIGM quality of care
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P LANNING P ARADIGM 118 THE IIPM TH
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P LANNING P ARADIGM out of its reve
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P LANNING P ARADIGM Also, a good nu
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P LANNING P ARADIGM 124 THE IIPM TH
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P LANNING P ARADIGM sectors which a
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P LANNING P ARADIGM concurrent resp
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P LANNING P ARADIGM Is Big Dam a Pl
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P LANNING P ARADIGM dams in Arunach
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P LANNING P ARADIGM to enter on the
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P LANNING P ARADIGM Where's Natural
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P LANNING P ARADIGM tions there are
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P LANNING P ARADIGM livelihoods are
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P LANNING P ARADIGM Plundered Histo
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P LANNING P ARADIGM hierarchy of th
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P LANNING P ARADIGM the trend. Faul
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P LANNING P ARADIGM were employed.
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P LANNING P ARADIGM cies the govern
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P LANNING P ARADIGM the electricity
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P LANNING P ARADIGM start when cont
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P LANNING P ARADIGM Durg district.
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P LANNING P ARADIGM major provision
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P LANNING P ARADIGM image of their
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THE HUMAN FACTOR OTHER IIPM JOURNAL
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“Thank you very much for sending
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