Clusters and competitiveness - PRO INNO Europe

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Schmitz, H. (1999): “Collective efficiency and increasing returns”, Cambridge Journal of Economics, vol. 23, n. 4, p. 465-483. Trigilia, C. (2005): Sviluppo locale. Un progetto per l’Italia, Bari: Laterza. Trullén,J.(2006):“National industrial policies and the development of industrial districts: ReflectionsontheSpanishcase”,aBecattini,G.;Bellandi,M.andDePropris,L.(eds.):A Handbook of Industrial Districts, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. Vanhaverbeke, W. (2001): “Realizing new regional core competencies: establishing a customer-oriented SME network”, Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, vol.13, n. 2, p. 97-116. 128 CLUSTERS AND COMPETITIVENESS: THE CASE OF CATALONIA (1993-2010)
B. Cluster Policy: A Guide to the State of Debate Christian Ketels, Harvard Business School 1. Introduction There is an increasing interest in the role of economic geography in explaining differences inprosperitylevelsacrosslocations(WorldBank,2009;Spenceetal.,2009).Different strands of theacademicliteraturehavecontributedtothisdebate.TheNewEconomicGeography approachappliesmodelswithincreasingreturnsandmobilefactorstoexplaintheemergence of regions with different density of economic activity (Royal Swedish Academy of Science, 2008). Theworkonclusters(Porter,2008)breaksthisanalysisdowntothelevelofregional agglomerations of companies, research institutions, government agencies, and others in a specific area of business activity related through various knowledge and economic linkages. Other relatedapproacheshavelookedatregionalinnovationsystems(Cookeet al., 1997), industrial districts (Becattini, 1990; Porter/Ketels, 2009), and locations home to a ’creative class’ (Florida, 2003). But while there is widespread agreement that ’geography matters’, there is little consensus on whetherthereisacaseforpolicy.Argumentsaremadefor(Porter,2008)andagainst (Duranton, 2007); some authors acknowledge the theoretical case for intervention (Norman/Venables, 2004) but point out the complex implementation issues that render success unlikely(Venables,2008).Inthemeantime,practitionershavemadetheirchoice andespeciallycluster-basedeconomicpolicieshavebecomewidelyused(Borras/Tsagdis, 2008; Oxford Research, 2008; Yusuf et al., 2008;Zeng,2008;Davies,2006;Pietrobelli/ Rabelotti, 2006; Freser, 2005). Thisarticlediscussesthecurrentstateoftheacademicdebateonclusterpolicy.Itfirstreviews the findings on the relationship between the presence of clusters and economic outcomes, putting clustersintothecontextofothergeographicandnon-geographicfactorsaffecting prosperity differences across locations. It then reviews the work on the emergence and evolution ofclusters,atopicparticularlyimportantforpolicythatultimatelyaimstochange thetrajectoryofsuchpaths’.Thesecondpartofthearticleaddressestheissueofclusterpolicy. Itsetsoutbypresentingthebasictheoreticalargumentforclusterpolicy.Itthendiscusses twoopposing understandings of how cluster policy should be conducted. Their different underlying definitions of what cluster policy is, it is then argued, are at the core of the different opinionsabouttheuseofclusterpolicy.Afinalsectionthendiscussesissuesofimplementation thathaveacrucial influence on whether and when cluster policy is beneficial and how large these benefits might become. ANNEX: CLUSTERS AND COMPETITIVENESS: FLORENCE, BOSTON, BARCELONA 129
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Clusters and competitiveness: the c
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Hernández Gascón, Joan Miquel Clu
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Acknowledgements Verymanypeople,com
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Index of tables Table 1. The local
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Figure 31. Textile distribution tre
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The term “cluster” is used to r
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The last effect of the new focus, a
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Figure 11. Map of the local industr
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Figure 14. Joint work scheme of the
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Figure 16. Main competitiveness rei
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Figure 33. The change in project de
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Catalonia was a pioneer in the use
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Cluster policy, understood as a ser
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A little theory: Marshall, Becattin
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However, the proliferation of regio
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the diversity of clusters themselve
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The first step: the competitive adv
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political environment which conditi
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Figure 2. The clusters of the futur
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1. To invest in lasting long-term c
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4.1 Introduction Following the impa
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4.2 First stage: 1993-2004 4.2.1 Me
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This working method led the members
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4.2.2 A case study: the leather tan
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added to this industry’s strong d
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Figure 9. Comparison between the pr
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Within this framework, Igualada’s
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4.2.3 Some lessons More than twenty
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Finally, and with the aim of transm
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the initial stage was selected, eli
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Table 1. The local production syste
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Table 3. Relative importance of ind
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2. Analysis of the business and str
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It should be noted that, during the
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Table 4. Types of competitiveness r
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Figure 18. Basic data for the kitch
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2. Specialised firms: normally fore
Page 80 and 81: Figure 22. Main strategic challenge
Page 82 and 83: Main actions carried out in the kit
Page 84 and 85: On the one hand, this change in men
Page 86 and 87: In 2009 the Catalan government’s
Page 88 and 89: As in most regions or countries tha
Page 90 and 91: countries in the 1990s. However, th
Page 92 and 93: For this reason, one of the most re
Page 94 and 95: total in 2005 was 66.7%; in the Bas
Page 96 and 97: Table 6.Trends in value added by la
Page 98 and 99: There was a considerable amount of
Page 100 and 101: With regard to strategies, the anal
Page 102 and 103: Table 7. Professional profiles of e
Page 104 and 105: In terms of the positive results ac
Page 106 and 107: In 2009, after over fifteen years
Page 108 and 109: Figure 33. The change in project de
Page 110 and 111: implementing the subsequent actions
Page 112 and 113: At the same time, the Directorate G
Page 114 and 115: Cluster policy, understood as a ser
Page 116 and 117: entirely to this topic. This centre
Page 118 and 119: It hasalreadybeenmentionedthatclust
Page 120 and 121: 2. Some rationale for territorial s
Page 122 and 123: Twomainreasonsjustifythispeculiarro
Page 124 and 125: of the specific interventions to re
Page 126 and 127: Sincethesenewpoliciesarestillinthei
Page 128 and 129: 7. References Altobelli, C.andCarna
Page 132 and 133: 2. Clusters as building blocks of a
Page 134 and 135: Anumberofempiricalstudieslookatallt
Page 136 and 137: and othercompaniesthatturnintoaclus
Page 138 and 139: Thelackofagenerallyaccepteddefiniti
Page 140 and 141: aswellassupportersofclusterpolicy(a
Page 142 and 143: 3.3 Implementing cluster policy to
Page 144 and 145: as a way to leverage existing agglo
Page 146 and 147: Boekholt, Patrice and Shonie McKibb
Page 148 and 149: Fritsch, Michael and Viktor Slavtch
Page 150 and 151: Porter, Michael E.: Clusters and Co
Page 152 and 153: C. Clusters: a strategic tool Anton
Page 154 and 155: The other characteristic of our pro
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Page 158 and 159: • Gaining insight into a country
Page 160 and 161: Diez, M. A. (2001): “The Evaluati
Page 164: Joan Miquel Hernández Gascón (Val
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