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as a way to leverage existing agglomerations as platforms for collaboration to enhance cluster dynamics and as more effective channels to deliver economic policies, it has much potential. Whether or not cluster policy can fulfill this potential, is not only a matter of achieving more clarity in a conceptual debate that is too often conducted in the parallel worlds of different research traditions that fail to communicate. It also depends on the way cluster policy is implemented in practice. Every policy approach that includes industry-specific measures and is focused on enhancing collaboration within an industry is exposed to the danger of becoming a cover for interventions that reduce competition rather than enabling competition at a higher level of productivity. To avoid this fate, cluster policies need to be accompanied by robust institutions and market environments with intense and open competition. Every policy approach that claims a more prominent role in the policy debate also needs to be able to demonstrate a meaningful quantitative impact on economic outcomes. For cluster policy to pass this test, it needs to pursue a wider agenda, including portfolios of clusters and using clusters as a tool for economy-wide competitiveness upgrading, then is the current practice in many regions. And every policy approach has to show its relevance in the context of a specific location. For cluster policy, this creates demands both on the economic environment that should exist and on the economic challenges that a location needs to tackle. Cluster policy is not always the most important answer, but it is often part of what governments should consider. Further progress in the cluster policy debate will have to be driven by more data. For clusters, there is now an increasing amount of quantitative data across many regions that has enabled a new wave of interesting empirical research. For cluster policy, there is nothing comparable. The impact assessment that exists looks at individual cases on-by-one and tends to be focused on improving the specific policy program in place, not on fundamental tests of cluster policy as a concept. This is a start, but more has to follow. 142 CLUSTERS AND COMPETITIVENESS: THE CASE OF CATALONIA (1993-2010)
5. Bibliography Aharonson, Barak; Joel Baum and Maryann Feldman: Desperately Seeking Spillovers? Increasingreturns,industrialorganizationandthelocationofnewentrantsingeographic and technological space, Industrial and Corporate Change, vol. 16 (2007), no. 1, p. 89-130. Amiti, Mary and Lisa Cameron: Economic Geography and Wages, Review of Economics and Statistics, vol. 89 (2007), p. 15-29. Andersson, Roland; John Quigley and Mats Wilhelmson: University decentralization as regional policy: the Swedish experiment, Journal of Economic Geography, vol. 4 (2004), no. 4, p. 371-388. Aranguren, Mari Jose; Miren Larrea and Itziar Navarro: The policy process clusters versus spatial networks in the Basque context, in C. Pitelis, R. Sudgen and J. Wilson (eds.): Clusters and Globalisation, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham: 2006. Audretsch, David; Oliver Falck; Maryann Feldmann and Stephan Heblich: The Lifecycle of Regions, CEPR Discussion Paper 6757, London: March 2008. Audretsch, David and Maryann Feldmann: Knowledge Spillovers and the Geography of Innovation, Handbook of Urban and Regional Economics, 2003. Audretsch, D. and Dohse, D. (2007): Location: A Neglected Determinant of Firm Growth. Review of World Economics, 143(1), p. 79-107. Baldwin, Richard: Globalisation: the great unbundling(s), Paper prepared for the Finnish EU Presidency, Finnish Prime Minister’s Office, Helsinki: 2006. Baldwin, Richard; Rikard Forslid; Philippe Martin; Gianmarco Ottaviano and Frederic Robert-Nicoud: Economic Geography and Public Policy, Princeton University Press, Princeton: 2003. Becattini, Giacomo: The Marshallian district as a socio-economic notion, in F. Pyke; G. Becattini and W. Sengenberger (eds.): Industrial districts and intra-firm collaboration in Italy, International Institute for Labor Studies, Geneva: 1990. Berger, Suzanne: How we compete: What companies around the world are doing to make it in today’s global economy, Doubleday: New York, NY: 2005. Bergman, Edward: Cluster Life-Cycles: An Emerging Synthesis, SRE-Discussion Paper2007/04, Wien: August 2006. Boasson, Vigdis and Alan MacPherson: The role of geographic location in the financial and innovation performance of publicly traded pharmaceutical companies: empirical evidence from the United States, Environment and Planning A, vol. 33 (2001), p. 1431- 1444. Bobonis, Gustavo and Howard Shatz: Agglomeration, Adjustment, and the Role of State Level Policies in the Location of Foreign Direct Investment in the United States, Review of Economics and Statistics, vol. 89 (2007), p. 30-43. ANNEX: CLUSTERS AND COMPETITIVENESS: FLORENCE, BOSTON, BARCELONA 143
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Clusters and competitiveness: the c
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Hernández Gascón, Joan Miquel Clu
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Acknowledgements Verymanypeople,com
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Index of tables Table 1. The local
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Figure 31. Textile distribution tre
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The term “cluster” is used to r
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The last effect of the new focus, a
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Figure 11. Map of the local industr
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Figure 14. Joint work scheme of the
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Figure 16. Main competitiveness rei
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Figure 33. The change in project de
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Catalonia was a pioneer in the use
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Cluster policy, understood as a ser
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A little theory: Marshall, Becattin
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However, the proliferation of regio
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the diversity of clusters themselve
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The first step: the competitive adv
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political environment which conditi
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Figure 2. The clusters of the futur
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1. To invest in lasting long-term c
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4.1 Introduction Following the impa
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4.2 First stage: 1993-2004 4.2.1 Me
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This working method led the members
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4.2.2 A case study: the leather tan
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added to this industry’s strong d
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Figure 9. Comparison between the pr
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Within this framework, Igualada’s
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4.2.3 Some lessons More than twenty
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Finally, and with the aim of transm
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the initial stage was selected, eli
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Table 1. The local production syste
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Table 3. Relative importance of ind
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2. Analysis of the business and str
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It should be noted that, during the
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Table 4. Types of competitiveness r
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Figure 18. Basic data for the kitch
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2. Specialised firms: normally fore
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Figure 22. Main strategic challenge
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Main actions carried out in the kit
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On the one hand, this change in men
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In 2009 the Catalan government’s
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As in most regions or countries tha
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countries in the 1990s. However, th
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For this reason, one of the most re
Page 94 and 95: total in 2005 was 66.7%; in the Bas
Page 96 and 97: Table 6.Trends in value added by la
Page 98 and 99: There was a considerable amount of
Page 100 and 101: With regard to strategies, the anal
Page 102 and 103: Table 7. Professional profiles of e
Page 104 and 105: In terms of the positive results ac
Page 106 and 107: In 2009, after over fifteen years
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Page 110 and 111: implementing the subsequent actions
Page 112 and 113: At the same time, the Directorate G
Page 114 and 115: Cluster policy, understood as a ser
Page 116 and 117: entirely to this topic. This centre
Page 118 and 119: It hasalreadybeenmentionedthatclust
Page 120 and 121: 2. Some rationale for territorial s
Page 122 and 123: Twomainreasonsjustifythispeculiarro
Page 124 and 125: of the specific interventions to re
Page 126 and 127: Sincethesenewpoliciesarestillinthei
Page 128 and 129: 7. References Altobelli, C.andCarna
Page 130 and 131: Schmitz, H. (1999): “Collective e
Page 132 and 133: 2. Clusters as building blocks of a
Page 134 and 135: Anumberofempiricalstudieslookatallt
Page 136 and 137: and othercompaniesthatturnintoaclus
Page 138 and 139: Thelackofagenerallyaccepteddefiniti
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Page 142 and 143: 3.3 Implementing cluster policy to
Page 146 and 147: Boekholt, Patrice and Shonie McKibb
Page 148 and 149: Fritsch, Michael and Viktor Slavtch
Page 150 and 151: Porter, Michael E.: Clusters and Co
Page 152 and 153: C. Clusters: a strategic tool Anton
Page 154 and 155: The other characteristic of our pro
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Page 158 and 159: • Gaining insight into a country
Page 160 and 161: Diez, M. A. (2001): “The Evaluati
Page 164: Joan Miquel Hernández Gascón (Val
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