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222 Dirk Callebaut were partly investigated. Th e oldest fi lls go back to the 10th century. Apparently they delineated the church area. Post holes and pits indicate habitation in the immediate surroundings of the church14. During the research in the church seven inhumation graves were found. One of them was cut by the foundations of the Ottonian church. C14-investigation of samples from two graves resulted in a dating between the 7th and the middle of the 9th century15. Th ese burials prove that a Merovingian/Carolingian church preceded the Ottonian building. Th e building structure of the 10th-century church is remarkable because of the following elements: its size (preserved longitudinal section: 43.80 m), the high blind arches that give a strong rhythm to the interior of the east choir, the probable presence of a ‘choir/Westbau’ as a counterpart for the east choir and murals of high quality. All these data clearly show that this is a building that transcends the level of the average domain church. Moreover, the architectural elements suggest that this building had a status that can be linked with the contemporary imperial authority. Th e two choirs are characteristic for imperial churches and the blind arches refer to architectural forms such as the Byzantine buildings in Ravenna, the anchorage of the Ottonian emperors in Italy16. Along with M. Rogge we may therefore assume that the St. Martin’s Church of Velzeke was an Ottonian imperial church. Such edifi ces are not build as such, they have only a meaning in a context that justifi es their foundation. If this context is a fi scus, as A. Verhulst postulates, the erection of this church becomes acceptable, but the explanation is not truly satisfactory. In Petegem, at about 20 km from Velzeke, a fi scus church was excavated that was also dedicated to St. Martin. Th e villa Pettinghem was important as Charles the Bald himself came on a visit and signed a charter that confi rmed all the possessions of the St. Bavo’s Abbey of Ghent. We investigated this royal curtis from 1976 till 1979, as part of our activities in the former Nationale Dienst voor Opgravingen (ndo). Th e eye-catcher on the site was a 9th-century aula in limestone from Tournai, to which a camera (heated by a Stubenofen) was added in the 10th century. Next to the sector of the casa regalis there was a church dedicated to Saint Martin with a burial site. Th e fi rst wooden hall church was destroyed by fi re and replaced by a stone church. Th e foundations of this building have been preserved only very partially, so that we can merely assume that the church had a single nave and a fl atly closed-off choir (inside depth 1.80 m). Even if we do not dare to pinpoint a date for both churches (the hall church did exist in the 9th century), it is obvious that neither building can be compared in any way with the grandeur of the church in Velzeke17. If we want to fi nd a better explanation for the edifi ce in Velzeke we have to consider the period in which it was built: the middle or third quarter of the 10th century. And this leads us to a man this article will focus upon, Godfried of Verdun. 14 De Mulder et al. 2001, 177-178; Rogge & Deschieter 2007, 76. 15 De Mulder & Rogge 1997. 16 Mekking 1991, 118-123; den Hartog 1992, 21-23. 17 Callebaut 1981, 29-30. 18 Gysseling & Koch 1950, 168-169, n° 67. 19 Le Jan 1995, 140. 20 Bur 1992, 55-63. 3 Godefridus, gratia Dei comes Godfried of Verdun belongs to the Ardenne House and was the forefather of his own family branch: Ardenne-Verdun. A charter of 975-980 (infr a) refers to him as gratia Dei comes, a count whose authority depends on God and who relies on the legitimacy of his Carolingian descent18. Th e title gratia Dei was originally reserved for kings. But from the 10th century onwards the entitling was also used for the highest aristocracy, who wanted to show their importance as descendants of Charlemagne19. Godfried of Verdun is a perfect example of this shift in social level. Th e mother of his father Gozlin, was Cunegundis, a third line descendant of Charles the Bald, grandson of Charlemagne. His mother, Uda of Sachsen, was the niece of Henry I, one of the key fi gures in the Saxon dynasty of the Ottonians (fi g. 5). Th erefore Godfried belonged to a family that could pride itself on Carolingian as well as Ottonian origin. Especially the latter would be very important for him. He had excellent relations with the emperors Otto I, Otto II and Otto III, which opened up possibilities for the development of his own career and the careers of his next of kin, but which also were particularly valuable for the Ottonians at crucial moments, both political and military (infr a). Th e union of the Carolingian and Ottonian lines in the Ardenne House was refl ected in the actions of the family. In Francia Occidentalis as well as in Francia Orientalis the family occupied signifi cant aristocratic positions. One of Godfried’s three brothers, Adalbero, held a top position in West Francia as the archbishop of Reims (969-989). He was an important reformer and counsellor of the French kings. He was also involved in the crowning of Hugo Capet in 987, which meant the defi nitive end of the Carolingian kingship in West Francia20. Adalbero would play an important role in the life of Godfried. His nephew, also called Adalbero, was chancellor of the French King Lotharius (974) and bishop of Laon from 977 until 1031. He was one of the fi rst authors who committed threefunctional thinking about society (orant, pugnant, laborant) to writing in his ‘Carmen ad Rodbertum regem’ during the twenties of the 11th century21. Because the seats of the Archbishopric of Reims and the Diocese of Laon were in the hands of the Ardenne House, this Lotharingian aristocratic clan had penetrated really deeply into the core area of West Francia. Godfried of Verdun himself was active in Lotharingia where the family properties were located. He appears in written sources for the fi rst time in 951, in a charter in which Bishop Berenger replaces the secular clergy of the abbey of St. Vanne in Verdun by benedictines. Godfried co-signed the document: ‘Signum Godefr idi Comitis’22. Th e monastery would become of particular importance for him and his next of kin. Godfried was count of Bidgau, Methingau and Verdun23. Th e fi rst two counties can be roughly situated in the Moselle region. Th e comitatus Verdun stretched out along both banks of the Meuse (fi g. 6). He obtained this county, which appeared to be 21 Dubuy 1985, 12, 57-70. 22 Evrard 1981, 154, 175 n°2. 23 Parisse 1981, 24.
WEST FRANCIA EAST FRANCIA The Ottonians The Ardenne House The Counts of Flanders The Carolingians Charles the Bald † 877 & Baldwin I † 879 Judith † ca. 844? Louis II † 879 Liudolf † 866 Baldwin II † 918 Irmintrud Charles III † 929 Louis III † 882 Arnulf I † 965 Otto † 912 Cunegundis (see The Carolingians) & Wicheric † 916/919 & Ricuinus of Verdun † 923 Cunegundis (see The Ardenne House) & Gerberga † 969 (see The Ottonians) Louis IV † 954 Henry I † 936 Oda Otto of Verdun duke of Lotharingia † 944 Hildegard † 976/980 & Thierry II of Westfriesland † 988 Liutgard † 962 & Wichman of Hamaland † after 973 Baldwin III † 962 & Mathildis Billung † 1009 (see The Ardenne House) Charles duke of Lotharingia † 991 Lotharius † 986 Ename and the Ottonian west border policy in the middle Scheldt region 223 Gerberga Hadwig † 969 † 959 & Giselbert & Hugo the Great duke of duke of Francia Lotharingia † 956 † 969 & Louis IV † 954 (see The Carolingians) Bruno archbishop of Köln † 965 Otto I † 973 Godfried † 949 & Uda Gozlin † 943 Siegfried Frederick † 998 duke of Upper Lotharingia (Ardenne-Luxemburg) † 978 (Ardenne-Bar) Arnulf II † 988 & Rozala/Suzanna Otto II † 983 Godfried † 964 † 1003 Frederick † 1019 Adalbero Otto III archbischop † 1002 of Reims Godfried of Verdun † after 998 (Ardenne-Verdun) & Mathildis Billung (see the Counts Of Flanders) † 1009 Reginar Baldwin IV & Ogiva † 1035 † 1030 Hugo Capet king of West Francia † 996 Adalbero bischop of Laon † 1031 Cunegundis † 1033 (see The Ottonians) & Henry II emperor East Francia † 1024 Robert II king of West Francia † 1031 & Rozala/Suzannna divorced 991/992 † 1003 † 989 Henry II emperor East Francia † 1024 & Cunegundis Gozelo † 1033 duke of (see Ardenne-Luxemburg) Lotharingia † 1044 Baldwin V † 1067 Godfried duke of Lower Lotharingia † 1023 Adalbero bischop of Verdun † 988 Herman † 1029 & Reginar V † 1039/1040 Mathilda Herman † 1051 Fig. 5 Genealogy of the Carolingian House and the counts of Flanders in West Francia and the Ottonians and the Ardenne House in East Francia (according to the genealogies of Parisse 1981, 41-42 and Van Winter 1981, 226-227).
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Contents 9 Preface 11 Th e nine liv
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303 La dotation funéraire des tomb
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10 preface and Dutch specialists in
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12 dries Tys historian, Professor A
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14 dries Tys Fig. 2 Frans looking a
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16 dries Tys Fig. 3 Frans with his
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18 dries Tys a project on the vecto
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Admiration in clay, devotion on pap
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At least ten glass objects were rec
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4 Pipe clay statues: Anna Selbdritt
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Fig. 8 Frontispiece of Rudolf Agric
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Bibliography akkerman f. 1994: Agri
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New Style Classification System Hem
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Fig. 2 Base types of dishes and pla
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TabLE 1 Preliminary typological cla
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were used for displaying or serving
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Fig. 11 19th-century dish, Frieslan
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nijhof e. 2007: De pottenbakkerij.
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44 Alexandra De Poorter 2.2 Signifi
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46 Alexandra De Poorter utilisait u
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48 Alexandra De Poorter Fig. 3 Trip
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50 5 1 Alexandra De Poorter 9 13 11
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52 Alexandra De Poorter Fig. 9 Ecue
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54 Alexandra De Poorter laleman m.
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56 Geoff Egan Conventions used in s
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58 Geoff Egan Most of almost thirty
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60 Geoff Egan Several have been fou
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62 Geoff Egan Fig. 3 Parallel for S
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64 Geoff Egan Bibliography arts n.
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66 Geoff Egan nijhof e. 2007: Hande
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68 George Haggarty & Derek Hall Fig
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70 George Haggarty & Derek Hall 3.6
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72 George Haggarty & Derek Hall lam
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74 George Haggarty & Derek Hall All
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76 Bieke Hillewaert the Hoogstraat
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78 15 Ibid., 134. Bieke Hillewaert
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Red-painted and glazed ware of the
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of references and studies for Franc
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3 4 A PALENCIA A Red-painted and gl
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5 Five main continental regions Giv
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galinié h. 1982: La céramique pei
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Red-painted and glazed ware of the
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94 Hans L. Janssen & Eddie Nijhof A
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96 Hans L. Janssen & Eddie Nijhof f
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98 Hans L. Janssen & Eddie Nijhof f
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100 Hans L. Janssen & Eddie Nijhof
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138 Sarah Jennings Th e urinal is 1
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140 Sarah Jennings Fig. 3 Early-16t
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142 Sarah Jennings Bibliography all
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144 Marnix Pieters Fig. 1 Th ree in
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146 Marnix Pieters result of archae
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148 Marnix Pieters unity of three m
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150 Marnix Pieters In short, this s
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152 Marnix Pieters Bibliography arm
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Tripod ewers from medieval househol
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Fig. 1 Tripod ewer forms and schema
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now to the ‘Master of the Prado A
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Fig. 4 Recorded heights for Group B
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fl aring mouth: seemingly a scaled
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APPENDIX 1 Metallurgical analysis o
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22. Black Abbey, Kilkenny (Dominica
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12-20, 1, Lewis et al 1987, Appendi
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Page 177 and 178: Sherds from a church. Maiolica prod
Page 179 and 180: 4 Biscuit wares As has been demonst
Page 181 and 182: (small) albarelli, the decoration i
Page 183 and 184: Fig. 9 Floral decoration on a plate
Page 185 and 186: 6 Kiln material Along with vessel a
Page 187 and 188: Fig. 20 Rim fragment of a plate wit
Page 189 and 190: An overview of the dated stoneware
Page 191 and 192: 14 Vlierman 2005. 15 Vlierman m.m.v
Page 193 and 194: 30 Vlierman in preparation. 31 File
Page 195 and 196: 42 File n.i.s.a. 43 Reinders & Oost
Page 197 and 198: 49 Pedersen, 1996, 103-105; r.i.n.g
Page 201 and 202: Fig. 27 Cargo vessel Lz 1: small
Page 205 and 206: The Merovingian cemetery of Broeche
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Page 209 and 210: 3 Tentative chronology based on the
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Page 213 and 214: Fig. 8 Hoard with 1 Byzantine solid
Page 215: The Merovingian cemetery of Broeche
Page 218 and 219: 218 Dirk Callebaut 0 10 km Leie Tou
Page 220 and 221: 220 Dirk Callebaut Fig. 3 Velzeke,
Page 224 and 225: 224 Dirk Callebaut Petegem Tournai
Page 226 and 227: 226 Dirk Callebaut Lotharii. It was
Page 228 and 229: 228 Dirk Callebaut 1024 and were wr
Page 230 and 231: 230 Dirk Callebaut periode A period
Page 232 and 233: 232 Dirk Callebaut characteristic o
Page 234 and 235: 234 Dirk Callebaut political attent
Page 236 and 237: 236 Dirk Callebaut 11 The crisis ye
Page 238 and 239: 238 Dirk Callebaut Fig. 13 Ename, c
Page 240 and 241: 240 Dirk Callebaut Ravenna’ becau
Page 242 and 243: 242 Dirk Callebaut Scheldt border.
Page 244 and 245: 244 Dirk Callebaut Bibliography Pri
Page 246 and 247: 246 Dirk Callebaut ehlers j. 1992:
Page 248 and 249: 248 Dirk Callebaut van den bremt a.
Page 250 and 251: 250 Koen De Groote working with the
Page 252 and 253: 252 Koen De Groote agricultural set
Page 254 and 255: 254 Koen De Groote Fig. 5 6th-centu
Page 256 and 257: 256 Koen De Groote Fig. 7 General p
Page 258 and 259: 258 Koen De Groote planning, fi rm
Page 260 and 261: 260 Koen De Groote lacking. But it
Page 262 and 263: 262 Koen De Groote 6 Comparison wit
Page 264 and 265: 264 Koen De Groote Bibliography ber
Page 266 and 267: 266 Koen De Groote raveschot p. 199
Page 268 and 269: 268 10 Bartels 1999. Dave H. Evans
Page 270 and 271: 270 29 Evans 1985. Dave H. Evans In
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272 Dave H. Evans Th e connection b
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274 Dave H. Evans remove the privy
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276 Dave H. Evans Acknowledgements
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278 Dave H. Evans mccall a. 1979: T
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280 Wim Hupperetz archaeological da
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282 Wim Hupperetz Fig. 2 Two handle
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284 Wim Hupperetz Bibliography bart
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286 Else Roesdahl church, where the
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288 Else Roesdahl Bibliography birk
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290 Dries Tys 10 Verhaeghe 1981; Id
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292 Dries Tys 4 Coastal estates of
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294 Dries Tys we look more closely
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296 Dries Tys draw-bridge49. From t
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298 56 Idem 1998. Dries Tys happene
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300 Dries Tys soens t. & tys d. 200
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La dotation funéraire des tombes d
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véritablement germanique16. L’in
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critères est sans doute celle de H
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désormais couramment. La rareté c
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318 Paul Courtney instead chose to
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320 Paul Courtney important recent
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322 93 Idem 1963. Paul Courtney whi
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324 Paul Courtney and gender relati
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326 Paul Courtney off access to new
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328 Paul Courtney bartels m. (ed.)
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330 Paul Courtney burke p. 1992: Hi
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332 Paul Courtney de certeau m. 198
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334 Paul Courtney geertz c. 1973: T
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336 Paul Courtney ijzereef g. 1987:
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338 Paul Courtney markus t. a. 1993
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340 Paul Courtney ó giollain d. 20
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342 Paul Courtney sereni e. 1967: S
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344 Paul Courtney van der wee h. 19
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Bibliography Frans Verhaeghe 1968-2
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2001 Evans D. & Verhaeghe F.: Brick
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1995 Dewilde M., Ervynck A., Strobb
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1990 De Meulemeester J. & Verhaeghe
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V[erhaeghe] F.: Archeologische inte
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Hillewaert B. & Verhaeghe F. 1983:
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De Laet S.J., Van Doorselaer A., De
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verhaeghe F.: Middeleeuwse bewoning
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V[erhaeghe] F.: Colloquia en congre
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V[erhaeghe] F.: Archéologie des Te
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V[erhaeghe] F.: Tentoonstellingen:
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V[erhaeghe] F.: Datations C14 et ca
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1984 V[erhaeghe] F.: Colloquia en c
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1969 V[an] D[oorselaer] A. & Verhae
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g.l. Good, R.H. Jones & M.W. Ponsfo
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H. Beumann & W. Schröder (eds.), D
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S.E. Van Der Leeuw & A.C. Pritchard
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O. Olsen & M. Schmidt, Fyrkat. En j
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Contributors Rica Annaert Vlaams In
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