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270 29 Evans 1985. Dave H. Evans In other cases where unlined pits are mentioned in documents, it is clear that they were being dug specifi cally to dispose of noxious products such as off al or butchery waste, or as longterm disposal places for human waste which had been removed from cesspits. As such, these are likely to have been excavated on vacant ground, and not within occupied domestic tenements. Excavation reports also include a large number of irregular pits, of all shapes and sizes, which contain a certain amount of domestic waste, but which oft en show no evidence for recuts; some may be quite shallow, and with profi les which would make any subsequent cleaning out quite diffi cult. Whilst they may indeed have been described as ‘rubbish pits’, an alternative interpretation may be more appropriate. Many of the larger and deeper pits are likely to have been originally excavated as quarries of one sort or another, and later to have been infi lled with rubbish, because they off ered a convenient disposal site. Some may have been dug for building materials (such as chalk, sand or gravel); others to serve craft industries (e.g. the quarries for bog iron, contained in sands and gravels, at many of the Norwich sites29). On sites with predominantly clay subsoils; there would have been a major demand for marl: clay and clayey loam would have been required in large quantities for forming construction platforms, for replacement earth fl oors, for the clay infi ll of the walls of timber buildings, and for luting structures such as hearths, or lining fi re-hoods. A more plausible interpretation of many of this category of unlined, ‘rubbish pits’ is that they are redundant extraction hollows and marl pits, which have had a secondary use as a convenient receptacle for rubbish. On an analogous note, tanning and tawing pits, whilst in use on sites producing leather or fi nished skins, would have been periodically scoured, so as to remove anything which might introduce dirt onto the hides, pelts or skins. Once abandoned, they would have aff orded convenient sites for the opportunistic dumping of all sorts of waste, including craft debris from other industries (see above). Hence, whilst material, such as cobbling waste, may be present in their backfi lls30, it has no relationship to the primary use of these structures. 3 Latrines, and the arrangements for dealing with human waste 3.1 Public latrines Many of the larger towns had communal latrines, which were either sited over or next to some source of running water, so as to quickly clear away any liquid and solid waste. Some were directly sited on staithes and waterfronts (e.g. at Queenhithe, London, or the public staiths at Hull), or on bridges (e.g. on 30 e.g. Armstrong 1973, 51-60; Keene 1982, 29. 31 Sabine 1934, 306-309. 32 see Salzman 1952, 280-5 for many of the other euphemisms. 33 Sabine 1934, 306; Keene 1982, 26. 34 Cf. the maps published in Campbell 1975, and other parts of the ‘Atlas of Historic Towns’ series. 35 Sabine 1934, 306. 36 Herteig 1994, fi gs 20 and 21. 37 See Salzman 1952, 280-1 for a description of the reredorter at Durham Priory in the early 16th century. London Bridge and Temple Bridge, in London); others were sited next to major rivers or streams (e.g. the Walbrook in London), or next to a major moat or ditch (e.g. the London Wall latrine which emptied into the city moat). Th ere are documentary references to at least 13 public latrines in London31, and there may well have been many more; as these structures usually appear in the public records (under such terms as ‘jakes’, ‘necessary houses’, or ‘houses of easement’32) only in relation to money being spent on their construction or repair, or in connection with crimes which took place within their vicinity (e.g. murders, violent assaults, robberies, muggings, etc.33). Similar structures are known from many other towns34. Few if any of these structures have been excavated in Britain and subsequently published. Nevertheless, they must have been much commoner in larger towns and cities than is oft en realised, as many medieval households did not have access to their own privy, particularly in the poorer areas where a single large common latrine might have had to serve a whole block of properties (as in many slum areas in Victorian Britain). An inquest of 1579 recorded that a mere three privies in the parish of All Hallows, London, served 57 households, containing 85 individuals35. Th e documentary references suggest that such communal latrines must have had multiple seating; hence, we should be expecting similar evidence for multi-seating as that found on some of the Bryggen sites in Norway36. In this respect, they may have been similar to the arrangements in many monastic latrines or reredorters37. 3.2 Lined cesspits Th ere were two confl icting considerations to be taken into account when deciding where within a tenement to site a domestic privy. Th e fi rst of these was the desire to keep noxious odours, and all insanitary waste away from the living quarters; the second was the desire for convenience, and not having to stumble outside in the middle of the night. During the course of the Middle Ages, both schools of thought could prevail within a town, at any one time; opinion and fashion could swing back and forth, from siting privies at the rear of tenements, well away from the residential areas, to incorporating privies either within buildings or attached to their exteriors38. Examples of small lean-to privies attached to the side or rear of buildings are known from at least the later 12th century39, and privies within attached outshots, and later within buildings, became commoner in 13th-century and later buildings belonging to the wealthier sections of society. As the latter built larger houses with accommodation on the upper fl oors, so the fashion developed of having privies served by latrine chutes which emptied into a watercourse or a pit set at ground-fl oor level. 38 For a longer exploration of these themes, see Evans 2004, 63-65. 39 e.g. Armstrong et al. 1991, fi g. 156.
1 3 4 2 A good riddance of bad rubbish? 271 Fig. 1 Examples of lined cesspits from various sites in Hull-High Street. 1: early-14th-century brick-lined and vaulted cesspit for a two-storied building: note the wooden piles foundations ; 2: mid- to late-14th-century brick-lined cesspit fed from inside a building by a brick chute, probably from an upper fl oor; 3: twin-chambered brick-lined detached cesspit, with internal arch: a detached pit set in the yards, straddling a tenement boundary. Th is pit was last cleaned out in the mid to late 15th century; 4: a complex of early-14th-century cesspits, incorporated into a succession of buildings: one is internal, a second within an attached outbuilding or lean-to, and the third is external.
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Exchanging <strong
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Exchanging <strong
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Contents 9 Preface 11 Th e nine liv
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303 La dotation funéraire des tomb
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10 preface and Dutch specialists in
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12 dries Tys historian, Professor A
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14 dries Tys Fig. 2 Frans looking a
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16 dries Tys Fig. 3 Frans with his
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18 dries Tys a project on the vecto
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Admiration in clay, devotion on pap
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At least ten glass objects were rec
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4 Pipe clay statues: Anna Selbdritt
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Fig. 8 Frontispiece of Rudolf Agric
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Bibliography akkerman f. 1994: Agri
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New Style Classification System Hem
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Fig. 2 Base types of dishes and pla
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TabLE 1 Preliminary typological cla
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were used for displaying or serving
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Fig. 11 19th-century dish, Frieslan
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nijhof e. 2007: De pottenbakkerij.
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44 Alexandra De Poorter 2.2 Signifi
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46 Alexandra De Poorter utilisait u
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48 Alexandra De Poorter Fig. 3 Trip
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50 5 1 Alexandra De Poorter 9 13 11
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52 Alexandra De Poorter Fig. 9 Ecue
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54 Alexandra De Poorter laleman m.
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56 Geoff Egan Conventions used in s
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58 Geoff Egan Most of almost thirty
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60 Geoff Egan Several have been fou
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62 Geoff Egan Fig. 3 Parallel for S
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64 Geoff Egan Bibliography arts n.
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66 Geoff Egan nijhof e. 2007: Hande
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68 George Haggarty & Derek Hall Fig
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70 George Haggarty & Derek Hall 3.6
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72 George Haggarty & Derek Hall lam
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74 George Haggarty & Derek Hall All
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76 Bieke Hillewaert the Hoogstraat
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78 15 Ibid., 134. Bieke Hillewaert
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Red-painted and glazed ware of the
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of references and studies for Franc
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3 4 A PALENCIA A Red-painted and gl
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5 Five main continental regions Giv
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galinié h. 1982: La céramique pei
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Red-painted and glazed ware of the
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94 Hans L. Janssen & Eddie Nijhof A
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96 Hans L. Janssen & Eddie Nijhof f
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98 Hans L. Janssen & Eddie Nijhof f
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100 Hans L. Janssen & Eddie Nijhof
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138 Sarah Jennings Th e urinal is 1
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140 Sarah Jennings Fig. 3 Early-16t
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142 Sarah Jennings Bibliography all
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144 Marnix Pieters Fig. 1 Th ree in
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146 Marnix Pieters result of archae
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148 Marnix Pieters unity of three m
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150 Marnix Pieters In short, this s
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152 Marnix Pieters Bibliography arm
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Tripod ewers from medieval househol
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Fig. 1 Tripod ewer forms and schema
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now to the ‘Master of the Prado A
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Fig. 4 Recorded heights for Group B
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fl aring mouth: seemingly a scaled
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APPENDIX 1 Metallurgical analysis o
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22. Black Abbey, Kilkenny (Dominica
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12-20, 1, Lewis et al 1987, Appendi
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160. Present location unknown; vari
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cooper canon j. h. 1899: Th e fi nd
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edknap m. 2001: Objects of Copper A
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Sherds from a church. Maiolica prod
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4 Biscuit wares As has been demonst
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(small) albarelli, the decoration i
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Fig. 9 Floral decoration on a plate
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6 Kiln material Along with vessel a
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Fig. 20 Rim fragment of a plate wit
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An overview of the dated stoneware
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14 Vlierman 2005. 15 Vlierman m.m.v
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30 Vlierman in preparation. 31 File
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42 File n.i.s.a. 43 Reinders & Oost
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49 Pedersen, 1996, 103-105; r.i.n.g
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Fig. 27 Cargo vessel Lz 1: small
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The Merovingian cemetery of Broeche
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0 5 m B Fig. 2 Excavation plan. 1:
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3 Tentative chronology based on the
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0 5 km On the other hand, a lot of
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Fig. 8 Hoard with 1 Byzantine solid
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The Merovingian cemetery of Broeche
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218 Dirk Callebaut 0 10 km Leie Tou
Page 220 and 221: 220 Dirk Callebaut Fig. 3 Velzeke,
Page 222 and 223: 222 Dirk Callebaut were partly inve
Page 224 and 225: 224 Dirk Callebaut Petegem Tournai
Page 226 and 227: 226 Dirk Callebaut Lotharii. It was
Page 228 and 229: 228 Dirk Callebaut 1024 and were wr
Page 230 and 231: 230 Dirk Callebaut periode A period
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Page 234 and 235: 234 Dirk Callebaut political attent
Page 236 and 237: 236 Dirk Callebaut 11 The crisis ye
Page 238 and 239: 238 Dirk Callebaut Fig. 13 Ename, c
Page 240 and 241: 240 Dirk Callebaut Ravenna’ becau
Page 242 and 243: 242 Dirk Callebaut Scheldt border.
Page 244 and 245: 244 Dirk Callebaut Bibliography Pri
Page 246 and 247: 246 Dirk Callebaut ehlers j. 1992:
Page 248 and 249: 248 Dirk Callebaut van den bremt a.
Page 250 and 251: 250 Koen De Groote working with the
Page 252 and 253: 252 Koen De Groote agricultural set
Page 254 and 255: 254 Koen De Groote Fig. 5 6th-centu
Page 256 and 257: 256 Koen De Groote Fig. 7 General p
Page 258 and 259: 258 Koen De Groote planning, fi rm
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Page 262 and 263: 262 Koen De Groote 6 Comparison wit
Page 264 and 265: 264 Koen De Groote Bibliography ber
Page 266 and 267: 266 Koen De Groote raveschot p. 199
Page 268 and 269: 268 10 Bartels 1999. Dave H. Evans
Page 272 and 273: 272 Dave H. Evans Th e connection b
Page 274 and 275: 274 Dave H. Evans remove the privy
Page 276 and 277: 276 Dave H. Evans Acknowledgements
Page 278 and 279: 278 Dave H. Evans mccall a. 1979: T
Page 280 and 281: 280 Wim Hupperetz archaeological da
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Page 284 and 285: 284 Wim Hupperetz Bibliography bart
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Page 288 and 289: 288 Else Roesdahl Bibliography birk
Page 290 and 291: 290 Dries Tys 10 Verhaeghe 1981; Id
Page 292 and 293: 292 Dries Tys 4 Coastal estates of
Page 294 and 295: 294 Dries Tys we look more closely
Page 296 and 297: 296 Dries Tys draw-bridge49. From t
Page 298 and 299: 298 56 Idem 1998. Dries Tys happene
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Page 318 and 319: 318 Paul Courtney instead chose to
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320 Paul Courtney important recent
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322 93 Idem 1963. Paul Courtney whi
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324 Paul Courtney and gender relati
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326 Paul Courtney off access to new
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328 Paul Courtney bartels m. (ed.)
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330 Paul Courtney burke p. 1992: Hi
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332 Paul Courtney de certeau m. 198
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334 Paul Courtney geertz c. 1973: T
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336 Paul Courtney ijzereef g. 1987:
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338 Paul Courtney markus t. a. 1993
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340 Paul Courtney ó giollain d. 20
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342 Paul Courtney sereni e. 1967: S
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344 Paul Courtney van der wee h. 19
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Bibliography Frans Verhaeghe 1968-2
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2001 Evans D. & Verhaeghe F.: Brick
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1995 Dewilde M., Ervynck A., Strobb
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1990 De Meulemeester J. & Verhaeghe
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V[erhaeghe] F.: Archeologische inte
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Hillewaert B. & Verhaeghe F. 1983:
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De Laet S.J., Van Doorselaer A., De
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verhaeghe F.: Middeleeuwse bewoning
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V[erhaeghe] F.: Colloquia en congre
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V[erhaeghe] F.: Archéologie des Te
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V[erhaeghe] F.: Tentoonstellingen:
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V[erhaeghe] F.: Datations C14 et ca
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1984 V[erhaeghe] F.: Colloquia en c
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1969 V[an] D[oorselaer] A. & Verhae
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g.l. Good, R.H. Jones & M.W. Ponsfo
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H. Beumann & W. Schröder (eds.), D
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S.E. Van Der Leeuw & A.C. Pritchard
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O. Olsen & M. Schmidt, Fyrkat. En j
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Contributors Rica Annaert Vlaams In
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