Proceedings of the - British Association for Applied Linguistics

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The Impact of Applied Linguistics: Proceedings of the 44th Annual Meeting of BAAL University of the West of England Jennifer Jenkins (2000). The Phonology of English as an International Language. Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK. Christine Irvine-Niakaris (2009). ECPE, The University of Michigan: Teacher’s Guide. Hellenic American Union: Athens, Greece. Vasiliki Kanellou (2009). The Place of Pronunciation in Current ELT Manuals: a Review. In SPEAK OUT!, 41, 2009, pp4-7. 86
17 Third Language Acquisition: L3 proficiency as a factor in Cross Linguistic Influence Ursula Langegger-Noakes Third Language Acquisition: L3 proficiency as a factor in Cross Linguistic Influence Ursula Langegger-Noakes Bangor University This paper examines cross-linguistic influence (CLI) in oral and written L3 productions of British university students. In common with other students of German in Great Britain, the majority of students at the School of Modern Languages in Bangor, studying German, have English as L1, French as their L2 and German as their L3. The purpose of this paper is to report on findings of a study carried out with first and third year students of German at Bangor University. The written and oral work collected for the purpose of this study is, as one might call it, “authentic academic data” and consists of essays, short texts, presentations and interviews. The aim of the study is to investigate if the L3 proficiency level is a key variable in CLI, therefore beginners’ and intermediate students’ productions were analysed. Error Analysis in some form has been used as a tool by a number of researchers in the field of Third Language Acquisition who investigate Cross Linguistic Influence or transfer. In SLA researchers employ frameworks to describe learners’ errors such as James’ (1998). In TLA the majority of studies focus on the area of lexis (e.g. De Angelis & Selinker, 2001; Cenoz, 2001; Ringbom, 2001, 2006; Tremblay, 2006) and researchers either simply list the types of lexical deviation encountered, based on a descriptive grammar of the target language, or they use classifications such as Ringbom’s (2001), for analysing lexical transfer, such as language switches, coinage, deceptive cognates, semantic extensions and calques or Hufeisen’s (1998), whose framework allows categorizing deviations on all linguistic levels, from the grapheme and morpheme level to the text level, and of three different types, namely syntactic, semantic and pragmatic. For this study Hufeisen’s framework was amended and Ringbom’s classification integrated, which resulted in the following framework below (table 17.1). Transfers of an L1 or L2 word form, or parts of it, to the L3 are included in categories 1 to 7, transfer of meaning, e.g. semantic extensions, calques and 87
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Proceedings of the - British Association for Applied Linguistics

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