Medicinus - Dexa Medica

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technology
cal characteristics, for chemical characteristics such
as qualitative and quantitative standardization, and
for potential impurities, and total aerobic microbial
count. All three types of test are relevant at the time
of formulation into dosage forms. The testing of
physical properties of soft extracts determines formulation
into dosage form, and its testing of chemical
properties influencing the method of fabrication.
For the preparation of solid dosage forms mostly
dry extracts are used. Except in rare cases, dry extracts
are hygroscopic and so they cannot be used
without prior granulation for preparing tablets.
Granulation is thus the critical stage in the process of
preparing all solid dosage forms containing extracts.
To overcome the problem of hygroscopic, Aerosil,
a high porosity excipient, is widely used. Further
when operating with wet granulation, it is advisable
to use binders such us cellulose derivatives or polyvinylpirolidon
in solution with organic solvents. If
aqueous solutions of cellulose derivatives, gum arabic,
gelatin, or aqueous gel such as starch mucilage
are used, several problems may arise in the course
of processing, especially if the formulation involves
large quantities of extracts.
The steps required in the preparation of tablets
from soft extracts by wet granulation are shown in
schematic diagram as follows:
Sugar or saponins, frequently present as secondary
components of extracts, dissolve in water used for
mixing and form granules that are difficult to dry during
the drying process, very hard flakes of glassy appearance,
making granules hard to compress. Another
snag found in granulation with aqueous solutions is
the formation of compressed tablets that are difficult
to disintegrate. With dry extracts, after dry mixing with
MEDICINUS 24(1), January 2011
appropriate excipients it is possible to obtain by direct
compression, without further manipulation. In these
cases, tablet obtained are technologically satisfactory
in terms of hardness, friability and disintegration time.
The excipients most commonly used for this purpose
are microcrystalline.
Fluid, soft, or dry extracts may be used for preparing
liquid dosage forms that are undoubtedly far more
difficult to prepare than solid dosage forms. While the
main problem with the latter is the hygroscopic of
the extracts used, with liquid dosage forms there is
the problem of solubility of the extracts. Variation in
the pH can definitely improve the solubility and stability
of some extracts. The stability, both chemical and
physical of a liquid dosage forms is affected by other
factors, for example, the possibility of fermentation
and interference with other component of the finished
product.
CONCLUSION
For the conclusion, it can be noted that: the formulation
and fabrication of phytopharmaceutical into
dosage forms is a complex operation which cannot be
regarded only as a problem of pharmaceutical technology.
It is need more close collaboration between
manufacturer and formulator especially of extract
based products.
The source of manufacturing problems those are
often difficult to solve as the crucial stages in the process
are the choice of raw materials and the procedure
of extraction.
Problems involved in phytopharmaceutical fabrication
depend on the type of dosage forms produced.
It means that for powdered in sachet are focused is on
fluidity and homogeneity combination of raw materials,
for tablets these must be ensure both the fluidity
and compressibility of active substances and pharmaceutical
ingredients used.
Daftar Pustaka
1. Polderman J. Introduction to pharmaceutical production. Novib, The
Hague; 1990
2. Lieberman HA, Lachman L. Pharmaceutical dosage forms, tablets. Vol. 2,
New York & Basel:Marcel Dekker, Inc.; 1985
3. Ansel HC, Popovich NG and Allen LV. Pharmaceutical dosage forms and
drug delivery systems. Lea & Febiger Book. Baltimore, Philadelphia; 1995
4. Bisset NG and Wichtl M. Herbal drugs and phytopharmaceuticals. 2 nd ed.
Stutgart:Medpharm GmbH Scientific Publisher; 2001
5. Brain KR, Turner TD. The practical evaluation of phytopharmaceuticals.
Bristol:Wright-Scientechnica; 1975
6. Wijeskera ROB. The medicinal plant industry. INTECNOS Associates, International;
1991