EXECUTIVE SUMMARY - GOLD

166. Jennings AL, Davies AN, Higgins JP,
Gibbs JS, Broadley KE. A systematic review
of the use of opioids in the management of
dyspnoea. Thorax 2002;57(11):939-44.
167. Eiser N, Denman WT, West C, Luce P.
Oral diamorphine: lack of effect on dyspnoea
and exercise tolerance in the .pink puffer.
syndrome. Eur Respir J 1991;4(8):926-31.
168. Young IH, Daviskas E, Keena VA. Effect
of low dose nebulised morphine on exercise
endurance in patients with chronic lung
disease. Thorax 1989;44(5):387-90.
169. Woodcock AA, Gross ER, Gellert A,
Shah S, Johnson M, Geddes DM. Effects of
dihydrocodeine, alcohol, and caffeine on
breathlessness and exercise tolerance in
patients with chronic obstructive lung disease
and normal blood gases. N Engl J Med
1981;305(27):1611-6.
170. Rice KL, Kronenberg RS, Hedemark LL,
Niewoehner DE. Effects of chronic
administration of codeine and promethazine
on breathlessness and exercise tolerance in
patients with chronic airflow obstruction. Br J
Dis Chest 1987;81(3):287-92.
171. Poole PJ, Veale AG, Black PN. The effect
of sustainedrelease morphine on
breathlessness and quality of life in severe
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J
Respir Crit Care Med 1998;157(6 Pt 1):1877-
80.
172. Berry MJ, Rejeski WJ, Adair NE, Zaccaro
D. Exercise rehabilitation and chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease stage. Am J
Respir Crit Care Med 1999;160(4):1248-53.
173. Foglio K, Bianchi L, Bruletti G, Battista
L, Pagani M, Ambrosino N. Long-term
effectiveness of pulmonary rehabilitation in
patients with chronic airway obstruction. Eur
Respir J 1999;13(1):125-32.
174. Young P, Dewse M, Fergusson W, Kolbe
J. Improvements in outcomes for chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
attributable to a hospital-based respiratory
rehabilitation programme. Aust N Z J Med
1999;29(1):59-65.
175. Griffiths TL, Burr ML, Campbell IA,
Lewis-Jenkins V, Mullins J, Shiels K, et al.
Results at 1 year of outpatient
multidisciplinary pulmonary rehabilitation: a
randomised controlled trial [published
erratum appears in Lancet 2000;355:1280].
Lancet 2000;355(9201):362-8.
176. Goldstein RS, Gort EH, Stubbing D,
Avendano MA, Guyatt GH. Randomised
controlled trial of respiratory rehabilitation.
Lancet 1994;344(8934):1394-7.
177. Wijkstra PJ, Van Altena R, Kraan J, Otten
V, Postma DS, Koeter GH. Quality of life in
patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease improves after rehabilitation at home.
Eur Respir J 1994;7(2):269-73.
178. McGavin CR, Gupta SP, Lloyd EL,
McHardy GJ. Physical rehabilitation for the
chronic bronchitic: results of a controlled trial
of exercises in the home. Thorax
1977;32(3):307-11.
179. Nocturnal Oxygen Therapy Trial Group.
Continuous or nocturnal oxygen therapy in
hypoxemic chronic obstructive lung disease: a
clinical trial. Ann Intern Med 1980;93(3):391-
8.
180. Report of the Medical Research Council
Working Party. Long term domiciliary