Aplicação de feromônios no manejo de pragas em fruteiras de clima ...

HUMBER, Richard A.
WHAT'S THE DEAL WITH THE ENTOMOPHTHORALES
USDA-ARS Biological IPM Research Unit, RW Holley Center for Agriculture and Health,
Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14753, USA. Email: richard.humber@ars.usda.gov
Extensive recent phylogenetic analyses of sequences from multiple genes for an extraordinarily
large and comprehensive sampling of all fungal groups have resulted in a new classification of
fungi. This new classification overturns many old and familiar concepts but also facilitates new
research on the biology and potential applications of these fungi. The chytrid fungi (with
posteriorly uniflagellate zoospores) are now divided among three phyla (Chytridiomycota,
Blastocladiomycota, and Neocallimastigomycota). The most basal groups among the
nonflagellate fungi now include the Microsporidia as well as the fungi formerly classified as
Zygomycota. The complete transformation of the new (but still only partially resolved)
classification for these zygomycete fungi raises some unusual phylogenetic questions
demanding many more detailed studies of these fungi. The new classification of these basal (or
ancestral) nonflagellate fungi is reviewed briefly in this presentation, with a major emphasis is
on the Entomophthorales, the order that contains the vast majority of zygomycete
entomopathogens and that (still!) raise some very perplexing questions and controversies. The
Entomophthorales, which may or may not be a monophyletic assemblage, certainly includes
some of the most ancestral of all nonflagellate fungi. Quite apart from their amazingly diverse
biological capacities, entomophthoralean fungi occupy a fundamentally important evolutionary
position at the interface where some chytrid (or, most realistically, some blastocladian)
watermold lost its flagellum and gave rise to the remainder of the zygomycetes, to the
arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, and the ‘higher’ fungi in the phyla Ascomycota and
Basidiomycota.
Palavras-chave: Entomophthorales, Basidiobolus, taxonomy, entomopathogenic fungi