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V O V E D _________________________________________________________________________ PREDMET I METODI NA ISTRA@UVAWE Geologijata e nauka za Zemjata, koja e planeta vo Son~eviot sistem i ima mnogu sloèna i dolga istorija, svoja sega{nost i idnina. Kosmi~kite zakoni, kako {to se gravitacijata, Son~evata radijacija i drugi domeni koi uslovuvaat plima i oseka (prilivi i odlivi), imaat glavna uloga i gi uslovuvaat klimatskite uslovi i ìvotot na Zemjata. Tie imaat i direktna ili indirektna vrska so razli~nite procesi {to se odvivaat na Zemjata, nejzinata gradba i sostav. Osven toa, na Zemjata se odvivaat procesi karakteristi~ni samo za nea, koi ne se manifestiraat na drugite planeti od Son~eviot sistem. Me|usebnoto dejstvo na kosmi~kite i "zemjinite" procesi me|u sebe tesno se povrzani i ja oformile Zemjata takva kako {to ja gledame denes, so nejzinite sevkupni delovi: planini, moriwa, {umi i pustini. Zna~eweto na geologijata vo praktikata, vo aktivnosta na ~ove{tvoto e ogromno, bidej}i celata tehnika se bazira na surovinite {to gi dobivame od pazuvite na Zemjata, kako {to se: naftata, jaglenot, metali~nite rudi, nemetalite, grade`niot materijal, podzemnite vodi i dr. Zgolemuvaweto na potrebite na korisni mineralni surovini vo tehnikata i sekojdnevniot ìvot uslovuvaat zgolemuvawe i na geolo{ko-istra`nite raboti, a so toa i {irewe na teoretskite osnovi na geologijata. Geolo{kite teorii koi pomagaat vo re{avawe na prakti~nite zada~i imaat i mnogu va`no zna~ewe za postanokot i razvojot na Zemjata. Geologijata kako nauka ja izu~uva Zemjata i re{avaweto na op{tite pra{awa, a toa ne moè da se stori bez da se pristapi kon razgleduvawe na Zemjata kako planeta vo celina. Sepak, dominanten del na konkretnite, prakti~ni i teoretski pra{awa so koi se zanimava geologijata se povrzani so povr{inskite delovi na planetata, vo dlabo~ina koja ne e pogolema od 10-20 km. Ova e usloveno od tehni~kite mo`nosti za eksploatacija na razni mineralni surovini. Koristej}i gi podatocite za sostavot na povr{inskite delovi na Zemjata i so nivna eksploatacija moè da se dobijat podatoci za gradbata na zemjinata kora. Pogolemite dlabo~ini se izu~uvaat so geofizi~ki metodi. Kako glavna zada~a, geologijata ja ima izu~uvaweto na sostavot na prirodnite tela {to ja formiraat zemjinata kora - mineralite i nivnoto u~estvo vo karpestite masi; polo`bata na ovie prirodni tela vo zemjinata kora i nivnata forma na zalegawe; izu~uvaweto na procesite koi gi uslovuvaat promenite na reljefot na zemjinata povr{ina i gradbata na zemjinata kora vo celina. Geologijata gi objasnuva navedenite zada~i na soodveten na~in i ja iznesuva 1
V O V E D _________________________________________________________________________ istorijata na razvitokot na oddelni procesi {to se odvivaat na povr{inata na Zemjata i vo nejzinite pazuvi, a so toa i op{tiot razvitok na Zemjata. Taa gi objasnuva, ili se stremi da najde objasnuvawe za pri~inite na oddelni geolo{ki procesi i nivnata me|usebna uslovenost. Zemjata e sostavena od nekolku obvivki, koi imaat razli~en sostav i razli~ni fizi~ki osobini. Prakti~nata rabota na geologot e povrzana so povr{inskite delovi na zemjinata obvivka - so zemjinata kora, koja e podlo`na na kontinuirano vzaemno dojstvo na nadvore{nite obviviki (atmosferata, hidrosferata i biosferata) i vnatre{nite obvivki na zemjinata topka koi imaat drug sostav i drugi fizi~ki osobini. Vo zavisnost od toa, geolo{kite procesi se delat na nadvore{ni (egzogeni), ~ie dejstvo na zemjinata kora e od nadvore{nite obvivki, a preku niv i od vselenata, i vnatre{ni (endogeni) koi se povrzani so razvitokot na materijata vo vnatre{nite delovi na Zemjata. So geolo{kite istraùvawa se prou~uvaat pred se povr{inskite delovi na zemjinata kora (izdanoci otkrieni vo prirodni uslovi), so istra`ni raboti kako {to se: raskopi, bunari, kamenolomi, {ahti, dup~otini i dr. Za izu£uvawe na dlabinskite delovi na zemjinata kora, dnoto na vodenite baseni (moriwata i okeanite) i dlabinskite obvivki na Zemjata vo celina, se primenuvaat geofizi~ki metodi. Celta na ovie geolo{ki istraùvawa e da se definiraat: 1. prirodnite tela od koi e sostavena zemjinata kora (karpesti masi, rudi, minerali i dr), odnossno nivniot sostav i soodnos; 2. polo`ba na ovie prirodni tela vo zemjinata kora, nivna gradba i struktura; 3. razli~nite geolo{ki procesi, kako nadvore{nite taka i vnatre{nite koi dovele do nivno formirawe ili is~eznuvawe, kako i formiraweto na sovremeniot reljef; 4. pri~inite i zakonitostite na nastanatite geolo{ki procesi vo oddelni regioni i zakonitostite na geolo{kite procesi koi se karakteristi~ni za Zemjata vo celina. Specifi~na osobina koja e karakteristi£na za razvitokot na Zemjata e dolgotrajnosta i ogromnite prostranstva na pova`nite geolo{ki procesi koi zafa}aat ogromni teritorii, a prodolùvaat nekolku milioni i milijardi godini. ôve~kiot ìvot vo sporedba so tie procesi pretstavuva samo mal del od istorijata na planetata. Del od geolo{kite procesi, koi ja menuvaat zemjinata kora, moè da se nabquduvaat samo vo oddelni momenti od ~ove~kiot ìvot, kako {to se zemjotresite ili dejstvoto na poplavite i dr. Sledeweto na mnogu geolo{ki procesi e nedostapno za ~ovekot i za niv moème da sudime samo po nivnite rezultati kako na primer procesite koi uslovuvaat formirawe na rudni tela i razli~ni tipovi karpesti masi, potoa formirawe na geolo{kite strukturi, razli~ni tipovi na zemjina 2
Page 1 and 2: UNIVERZITET "Sv. KIRIL I METODIJ" S
Page 3 and 4: D-r Krsto Blaèv, d-r Milan Arsovsk
Page 5 and 6: NAUKA Naukata pretstavuva beskraen
Page 7 and 8: 2.2. GLAVNI TIPOVI NA VULKANI . . .
Page 9 and 10: GLAVA XIV 1. GEOLO[KA DEJNOST NA OK
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