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G L A V A II _________________________________________________________________________ planinskite masivi na Indokina i Malajskiot arhipelag, so maksimalna viso~ina od 8 848 m na Mont Everest. Okeanskata kora, odnosno okeanskoto dno, vo poslednite decenii na XX vek detalno e izu~eno so geofizi~ki metodi kako {to se reflektivna seizmika, gravimetriski merewa, magnetometrija, merewe na toplinskiot tok i {iroko e primenet seizmo-akusti~niot metod vo morskite naslagi. So ovie istraùvawa se dobieni mnogu novi parametri za reljefot na okeanite i moriwata ~ii osnovni podatoci se prikaàni vo tabelata II. Tabela II. Nekoi podatoci za kontinentite i okeanite Kontinenti Povr{ina Visina vo m Povr{ina Maksimalna vo mil. Okeani km 2 sredna maksimalna km 2 dlabo~ina vo m Evropa 11 609 300 5 663 Tihi 176 679 11 030 Azija 41 839 950 8 848 Atlantski 93 363 9 219 Afrika 29 841 650 6 010 Indiski 74 917 7 450 Sev. Amerika 24 259 700 6 187 Severen leden 13 100 5 220 Ju`. Amerika 18 280 600 7 040 Avstralija i Okeanija 8 963 400 5 030 Antarktk 13 975 2040 Volumenot na vodata vo okeanite iznesuva 1 370 104 km 3 , srednata vrednost na solenosta 34.482 %, a srednata vrednost na gustinata na morskata voda e 1.025 g/cm 3 . Za sostavot i karakteristikite na nadvore{nite obvivki na Zemjata-atmosfera, hidrosfera i biosfera, }e stane zbor vo soodvetnite delovi na ovaa kniga pri razgleduvawe na egzogenite geolo{ki procesi. 2. ZEMJATA I NEJZINITE FIZI^KO-HEMISKI OSOBENOSTI 2.1. OP[TI PODATOCI Direktnite nabquduvawa na Zemjata se dostapni samo za nejzinite najgorni horizonti, za zemjinata kora, odnosno delovite {to se otkrieni na povr{inata ili se otkrieni so istra`ni raboti, so {ahti, bunari i dupnatini. Maksimalnite dlabo~ini so dup~ewa pri eksploatacija na nafta dostigaat 9 000 - 10 000 m, dodeka vo Rusija na Kolskiot poluostrov e realizirana dupnatina od okolu 13 000 m. 39
G L A V A II _________________________________________________________________________ Pri izu~uvawe na karpestite masi na povr{inata na Zemjata so geolo{ki metodi, se izu~uvaat uslovite na zalegawe na najgornite delovi od zemjinata topka, do dlabo~ina od 10-20 km, a so niv moè da se restavrira istorijata na razvitokot i sostavot na oddelni minerali i karpi, kako i sredniot sostav na povr{inskite delovi na zemjinata kora. Spored me|usebnite odnosi na mineralite moè da se sudi za geohemiskite procesi i nivnata zakonitost. Gradbata na podlabokite delovi na Zemjata, koi ne se dostapni na direktno nabquduvawe, se izu~uva so geofizi~ki metodi. Ovie metodi se baziraat na izu~uvawe na prirodnite ili ve{ta~kite fizi~ki poliwa koi se povrzani so edni ili drugi fizi~ki svojstva na materijata od koja se sostoi zemjinata topka. Me|u ovie geofizi~ki metodi poznati se: 1. seizmi~ki, 2. gravimetriski, 3. magnetometriski, 4. geotermi~ki, 5. elektri~ni merewa i 6. radioaktivnost. Sl. 11 Gradba na Zemjata SEIZMI^KITE METODI gi izu~uvaat elasti~nite oscilacii (seizmi~ki branovi) koi nastanuvaat vo teloto na Zemjata kako prirodni pojavi povrzani so zemjotresite i ve{ta~ki eksplozii, od koi se opredeluva brzinata na rasprostranuvawe na branovite na razli~ni dlabo~ini. Ovaa brzina zavisi od odnosot na elasti~nite svojstva i gustinata na soodvetnite sloevi, {to uslovuva tie sloevi da se oddeluvaat, da se opredeli nivnata dlabinska polo`ba i debelina. GRAVIMETRISKITE METODI go izu~uvaat gravitaciskoto pole koe zavisi od polo`bata na masite vo Zemjata i dozvoluvaat da se pravat soodvetni zaklu~oci za raspredelbata na gustinata na masata i na sloevite vnatre vo Zemjata. 40
Page 1 and 2: UNIVERZITET "Sv. KIRIL I METODIJ" S
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