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G L A V A I _________________________________________________________________________ Spored astronomite, asteroidite pretstavuvaat rasean materijal koj pri postanokot na Son~eviot sistem od nekoi pri~ini ne formiral planeta i ne se prisoedinil kon drugi planeti; se pretpostavuva deka pri~ina za toa e golemoto dejstvo na Jupiter. Kometite pretstavuvaat tela vo Son~eviot sistem, koi se nabquduvaat od vrema na vreme na neboto kako maglini so osvetleno jadro i izdolèn opa{ (ili nekolku opa{ki) koi se naso~eni vo obratnata strana od Sonceto. Jadrata na kometite se cvrsti tela koi vo pre~nik dostignuvaat nekolku km. Maglinata {to go opkruùva jadroto se vika koma. Komite se sostaveni od gas, pra{ina ili se me{avina od gas i pra{ina. So pribliùvaweto na kometite kon Sonceto, od jadroto se oddeluva komata, del od zamrznatiot materijal se topi i pod dejstvo na son~eviot vetar se turka nastrana od Sonceto, formiraj}i opa{ koj moè da dostigne dolìna od stotici do milion kilometri. Kometite se è{ki tela, nivnata svetlina doa|a od son~evoto zra~ewe. Pri oddale~uvawe na kometite od Sonceto nivnata glava odnovo se zgolemuva, svetlinata brzo im se namaluva, opa{ot se namaluva i kometata povtorrno stanuva kako maglovito petno so vnatre{no jadro. Spektralnite analizi pokaàle deka vo sostavot na kometite se prisutni: S 2 , CN 4 , OH, CH, NH 2 , Na, Fe i Ni. Po misleweto na S.V. Orlov, kometite nastanuvaat pri me|usebni sudiri na mali planeti, koi kako rezultat na eksplozija nastanata za vreme na toj sudir, se raspa|aat na mali par~iwa. Pri pribliùvaweto na kometata do Sonceto, taa se zagreva i se izdvojuvaat gasovi koi ja formiraat opa{kata na kometata. Meteoritite se najrasprostraneti tela vo Son~eviot sistem. Vo vrska so postanokot na meteoritite postojat dve gledi{ta: spored ednoto, meteoritite doa|aat (pa|aat) na Zemjata od nekoi drugi oddale~eni sistemi od Son~eviot sistem, dodeka spored drugoto gledi{te meteoritite pretstavuvaat par~iwa od nebeski tela od Son~eviot sistem. Spored sovremenata klasifikacija, vo zavisnost od sostavot, meteoritite se podeleni vo tri osnovni klasi: 1. èlezestosideritski, koi se sostaveni prete`no od niklonosno èlezo; 2. meteoriti èlezo-kamenesti-sideroliti, koi sodràt skoro ramnomerno koli~estvo na èlezo i silikatni minerali i 3. meteoriti kameniti-aeroliti, sostaveni prete`no od silikatni minerali so malo prisustvo na niklonosno èlezo. Vo sostavot na meteoritite se utvrdeni 63 elementi, a konstatirani se i nekoi minerali koi ne se prisutni na Zemjata (dobrelit - FeCr 2 S 4 , levrensit - FeCl 2 , muasonit - SiC, oljdgamit - CaS i dr.). Golema uloga vo sostavot na meteoritite ima niklonosnoto èlezo, olivinot, piroksenite. 29
G L A V A I _________________________________________________________________________ Presmatano e deka Zemjata, vo svojata orbita godi{no nekolku pati presekuva orbiti od mno{tvo od ~esti~ki koi mnogu brzo se dviàt vo svoite orbiti i vo zemjinata atmosfera sekoj den navleguvaat okolu 8 milijardi takvi ~estici. Del od tie koi vleguvaat vo atmosferata na Zemjata od trieweto se zagevaat i ispu{taat silna svetlina i se smetaat za yvezdi {to pa|aat. Tie ~esti~ki koi ne pa|aat na Zemjata se vikaat mateori, za razlika od meteoritite koi pa|aat na Zemjata. Od dosega poznatite meteoriti padnati na Zemjata, meteoritot najden vo jugozapadna Afrika ima teìna od 59 toni. Potoa e poznat "tunguskiot meteorit", koj padnal vo 1908 godina, koj verojatno imal golemi dimenzii, bidej}i pri negovoto pa|awe na Zemjata, eksplozijata uni{tila {uma vo polupre~nik od 30 km. Vo zavisnost od silata na udarot na Zemjata, meteoritite formiraat meteorski dupki - "krateri" so razli~ni razmeri, od nekolku cm do nekolku metri, pa i mnogu pogolemi dimenzii. Eden od najkrupnite krateri e kraterot Meteor vo kawonot Diablo (okolu Vinslou, dràva Arizona-SAD). Negoviot krater ima {irina od 1.6 km i dlabo~ina od 150 m (sl.9, Geologija, Allison). Negovata forma e za~uvana poradi toa {to se nao|a vo aridna zona i pokraj toa {to negovata starost se smeta deka iznesuva pove}e desetici iljadi godini. Sl. 9 Krater okolu Winslow, dràva Arizona. Ovaa inka (kotel) ima okolu 1.6 km {irina i okolu 150 m dlabo~ina. Se smeta deka ima meteorsko, a ne vulkansko poteklo. 30
Page 1 and 2: UNIVERZITET "Sv. KIRIL I METODIJ" S
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