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G L A V A I _________________________________________________________________________ postepeno nekoi od elementite koi u~estvuvale vo nuklearnite reakcii se istro{eni i procesite zastanuvaat. Toa uslovuva izvesno ladewe i namaluvawe na obemot na Sonceto, a so toa i do zgolemuvawe na okoluosnoto (rotacionoto) dvièwe. Zgolemenata brzina od svoja strana doveduva do naru{uvawe na stabilnosta na son~evata masa. Vakvite periodi spored Fesenkov se relativno pokratki (nekolku stotini iljadi godini) i toga{ se oddeluva del od masata na Sonceto vo kosmi~kiot prostor, od koja nastanuvaat planetite. Oddelnata masa so sebe odnesuva i del od rotaciskiot moment. Spored toa, Fesenkov smeta deka vo raniot stadium vo razvitokot na Sonceto se vrtelo okolu svojata oska so mnogu pogolema brzina. So namaluvaweto na volumenot na Sonceto i zgolemuvaweto na negovata brzina na rotacijata spored zakonite na termodinamikata doveduva do zgolemuvawe na temperaturata vo negovite centralni delovi, so {to povtorno se odvivaat nuklearni procesi so u~estvo na novi elementi. Procesite prodolùvaat dodeka se iscrpat tie elementi, so {to doa|a do novo {irewe na Sonceto, a po iscrpuvaweto na elementite nastapuva povtorno namaluvawe na volumenot. Potoa se zgolemuva rotacionata okoluosna brzina, se naru{uva ramnoteàta na son~evata masa od koja se otkinuva del koja pretstavuva po~etok na formirawe na nova planeta. Spored V.G. Fesenkov, planetite od zemjiniot tip vo periodot na nivnoto formirawe imale sostav koj bil blizok do sostavot na site drugi planeti, no podocna pod dejstvo na son~evata toplina lesnite (gasoviti) elementi bile ispareni i se za~uvale samo jadrata na bitnite planeti, koi se sostaveni prete`no od te{ki elementi. 3.3. PROTOPLANETNA HIPOTEZA NA KUPOR Vo ovaa hipoteza amerikanskiot astronom Kupor dozvoluva deka starosta na Sonceto i site planeti e skoro ista i iznesuva okolu 5 miljardi godini. Toj se bazira na faktot deka me|u yvezdite glavno dominiraat dvojnite i pove}e yvezdi. Kupor misli deka postanokot na Son~eviot sistem e ednakov na genezata na yvezdite, taka {to od prvobitnata gasovo-pra{kasta maglina se zaroduvaat dve tela - edna ogromna protoyvezda so temperatura okolu 50 K i edno drugo pomalo so masa od 6-10 % od masata na protoyvezdata. Materijata od toa pomalo telo ne se kondenzira vo vid na yvezda, a se rasejuva i od nego se formiraat planetite i kometite. Osnovna pri~ina za toa rasejuvawe se gravitaciskite sili na golemata protoplaneta koi uslovuvaat gravitacijska nestabilnost. Op{tata masa na maloto telo se kr{i na mali protoplaneti. Prvobitnata masa na oddelnite protoplaneti bila mnogu pogolema od sega{nata, a nivniot sostav bil ist kako i na golemoto telo - Sonceto. Vo tekot na vreme, postepeno, so nagrevawe 35
G L A V A I _________________________________________________________________________ na Sonceto gasovitite hemiski elementi ili soedinenija se oddeluvaat od planetite (vodorod, helium, amonijak, metan i dr.). Toa osobeno se manifestira vo planetite od zemjinata grupa, dodeka vo nadvore{nite planeti zaradi poniskite temperaturi i poslaboto zagrevawe toa se odviva mnogu pobavno. Zatoa tie gasoviti elementi vo gradbata na nadvore{nite planeti u~estvuvaat zna~itelno. Spored presmetkata na Kupor, op{tata masa na protoplanetite prvobitno bila za okolu 100 pati pogolema od sega{nata. Golemata eksplozija (model na inflaciona Vselena). Sovremenite metodi vo astronomijata i astrofizikata vo poslednite nekolku desetici godini od XX vek dovedoa do novi soznanija koi ja demantiraat hipotezata za stacionarnata Vselena i odat vo prolog na evolutivniot model (model na inflaciona Vselena). Denes so sigurnost e dokaàno deka vselenata se {iri, ima celi soyvezdija koi se dviàt so brzina blizu do brzinata na svetlinata. Otkritieto na radio-signal koj podednakvo dopira do site strani na Vselenata e jasen dokaz za pravata eksplozija i ja determinira starosta na vselenata na okolu 10 10 godini. Novite soznanija davaat mo`nost za opredeluvawe na izgledot na Vselenata samo nekolku sekundi posle golemata eksplozija, odnosno od po£etokot na {irewe, koga temperaturata na pramaterijata iznesuvala nekolku iljadi milioni (10 9 ) stepeni i ogromna gustina. Postoi hipoteza (na Houkins) deka Vselenata nastanala od ni{to, vo samiot po£etok e dojdeno do kvantna nestacioniranost (golemata eksplozija) od koga e sozdadeno vremeto, prostorot i materijata. Teorijata na kvantnata nestacionarnost go ima za osnova zakonot za simetrija na materijata i antimaterijata. Vo sekoj slu£aj, denes e op{to prifaten modelot na inflaciona Vselena. Pra{awe e dali Vselenata }e se {iri beskrajno dolgo ili vo eden moment }e po£ne da se namaluva i da dojde vo sostojba na prvobitnata ogromna gustina ili }e is~ezne (materija sobrana so antimaterija }e dade ni{to). Sega{nite soznanija ukaùvaat deka ako prose£nata gustina na materijata vo Vselenata e pogolema od 2·10 -26 kg/m 3 , toga{ gravitaciskite sili vo Vselenata vo idnina }e go zabavuvaat {ireweto i }e dojde do sobirawe (koncentracija) na Vselenata, odnosno ako gustinata e pomala, toga{ Vselenata }e prodolì da se {iri. 36
Page 1 and 2: UNIVERZITET "Sv. KIRIL I METODIJ" S
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