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V O V E D _________________________________________________________________________ povr{ina itn. koi ja opredeluvaat gradbata i sostavot na zemjinata kora. Geologijata e prete`no istoriska nauka. Taa uspe{no po~nala da se razviva podocna, koga vo XVII i XVIII vek bile razjasneti nekoi op{ti zakonomernosti vo sedimentacijata (taloèweto) na sedimentnite karpi i koga kon krajot na XVIII vek i po~etokot na XIX vek bil razraboten metodot na opredeluvawe na relativnata starost na sedimentnite karpi, koj se baziral vrz prou~uvaweto na ostatocite od umrenite organizmi. Prou~uvaweto na tie ostatoci od organizmite pokaàlo deka za sekoja epoha vo razvitokot na Zemjata se karakteristi~ni odredeni formi na organskiot svet - fauna i flora, koja postoela vo toa vreme na Zemjata. Mnogu pokasno, po otkrivaweto na radioaktivnoto raspa|awe, e razraboten metodot na opredeluvawe na to~nata (apsolutna) starost na karpestite masi (poto~no nivnoto formirawe ili vremeto na nivnata preobrazba - metamorfizam i dr.). So ovoj metod e odredeno deka starosta na oddelni delovi na zemjinata kora iznesuva pove}e od 3.5-4.0 milijardi godini. So ovoj metod se dobieni krupni soznanija za prekambriskite karpesti kompleksi, za vremeto na nivnoto formirawe, bidej}i organski ostatoci vo niv otsustvuvaat. Za nau~no tolkuvawe na istorijata i uslovite za formirawe na mineralite i karpestite masi, a isto taka nivnoto zlegawe (polo`ba) vo zemjinata kora, {iroko se koristat rezultatite od fizi~kata hemija i fizikata. Vrz osnova na izu~uvaweto na mineralniot sostav na karpestite masi se pravat soodvetni zaklu~oci za fizi~kohemiskite i fizi~kite procesi koi se odvivale vo geolo{kata istorija na zemjinata kora i na nejzinata povr{ina. Sovremeniot pristap kon prou~uvaweto na geolo{kite procesi ne se bazira na ~isto korelativen metod spored aktuelizmot, bidej}i korelaciite na sega{nite so starite procesi se odnesuvale na razli~ni fizi~ko-geogerafski uslovi, so otsustvo na polna analogija. Glaven metod vo geologijata e geolo{koto kartirawe, koe denes koristi i drugi metodi za tolkuvawe na geolo{kata gradba kako {to se: geofizi~kite, geohemiskite, aerometodite i rezultatite od kosmi~kite istraùvawa, koi dozvoluvaat da se prou~uva Zemjata od golemi viso~ini i da se korelira so drugi planeti od Son~eviot sistem. 3
V O V E D _________________________________________________________________________ ISTORIJA NA RAZVITOKOT NA GEOLOGIJATA VO SVETOT Geologijata kako nauka e oformena vo ponovo vreme kako rezultat na sintezata na mnogu nau~ni otkritija, no nejzinite koreni datiraat od prvite fazi na razvitokot na ~ove{tvoto. Lu|eto ja izu~uvale Zemjata u{te vo prvite etapi na svojot razvitok. Razvojot na materijalnata kultura i porastot na op{testveniot proizvod se najtesno povrzani so izu~uvaweto i osvojuvaweto na Zemjata. Vo kameniot period lu|eto koristele oddelni vidovi na kamewa, vo bronzeniot period tie koristele bakar i olovo, vo èlezniot vek-èlezo. Lu|eto moèle da ja zadovolat potrebata za koristewe na dadenite materijali samo so detalno prou~uvawe na zemjinata kora i nejzinite osobini. Za toa ni svedo~at spomenicite od mnogu stari arheolo{ki otkritija vo Sredna Azija, Kina i drugi zemji, kade se vr{ela eksploatacija na rudi od bakar, zlato, èlezo, ~ija eksploatacija se vr{ela so soodvetni istraùva~ki raboti i so poznavawe na karpestite masi vo koi tie bile smesteni. U{te najstarite klinopisni spomenici od III i II milenium p.n.e., najdeni vo Mesopotamija i Egipet, davaat podatoci za nekoi minerali. So razvitokot na op{testvoto se dobivale soznanija za pojavi povrzani so razvitokot na Zemjata, kako {to se zemjotresite, erupciite na vulkanite, izmeni vo krajbre`nite linii na morskite bregovi i dr. No, ovie nastani dobivale religiozni tolkuvawa, i bile povrzuvani so poedini bogovi kako seop{ti vladeteli na kopnoto (su{ata), moriwata, neboto i sekade kade nastanuvale. Taka, najstarite indiski i egipetski filozofski u~ewa (XX-XIX vek p.n.e.) ednodu{no ukaùvaat deka sozdavaweto na svetot e od semo`no su{testvo (od gospod). Vo sve{tenata kniga na indusite, poznata kako "Zakoni Manu", vo koja se izneseni gledi{tata za kosmogenijata, Zemjata mnogu ~esto bila zafatena so poplavi od vodite na svetskiot okean, od svetski poàri koi uni{tuvale sî na Zemjata. Ovie katastrofi se povtoruvale periodi~no. Sekoj period zavr{uval so ru{ewe na svetot i trael nekolku iljadi vekovi. Za golemi katastrofi koi se slu~uvale na Zemjata se zboruva i vo egipetskata kosmogenija, vo koi katastrofite se spomenuvale kako oddelni periodi na t.n. "Golema godina". Prodolènieto na taa godina se ocenuvalo razli~no, od 120 000 do 300 000 godini. Egipjanite gi smetale golemite katastrofi kako kazna za ~ove~kata ne~esnost. Starite Grci se smetaat za prvi lu|e koi go trasirale patot na nau~noto tolkuvawe na svetot prekinuvaj}i ja vrskata so religioznite 4
Page 1 and 2: UNIVERZITET "Sv. KIRIL I METODIJ" S
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Page 5 and 6: NAUKA Naukata pretstavuva beskraen
Page 7 and 8: 2.2. GLAVNI TIPOVI NA VULKANI . . .
Page 9 and 10: GLAVA XIV 1. GEOLO[KA DEJNOST NA OK
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