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G L A V A II _________________________________________________________________________ 1. GRADBA NA ZEMJATA, FORMA I GOLEMINA Za opredeluvawe na formata i goleminata na Zemjata se koristat podatocite od astronomskite nabquduvawa, a isto taka merewata od samata povr{ina na Zemjata i od vselenata. Poznato e deka Zemjata se sostoi od cvrsta, te~na i gasovita materija, koi se nao|aat vo odreden redosled, koi go gradat vnatre{noto jadro i obvivkite na planetata. Tie pove}e ili pomalku pretstavuvaat pravilni koncentri~ni sloevi, koi se razlikuvaat pome|u sebe so nivnite fizi~ki svojstva i sostav. Pri opredeluvaweto na goleminata i formata na Zemjata, nadvore{nata gasovita obvivka (atmosferata) ne se zema vo predvid, bidej}i taa nema izrazena gorna granica. Gasovite vo atmosferata se rasejuvaat postepeno vo me|uplanetarnata materija. No, i bez atmosferata, formata na Zemjata e mnogu sloèna i ne odgovara na nitu edna pravilna geometriska figura. Zatoa pri opredeluvawe na dimenziite i formata na Zemjata se smeta deka nejzinata povr{ina ima forma na geoid, so pretpostavena povr{ina koja se sovpa|a so nivoto na vodata vo okeanite pri nejzino polno miruvawe i koja misleno se prodolùva pod kontinentite. Na toj na~in, sekade na povr{inata na geoidot, gravitaciskata sila bi bila naso~ena radijalno kon negoviot centar. Vo geodetskite raboti, site apsolutni viso~ini i dlabini se povrzani so nivoto na moreto, odnosno so povr{inata na geoidot. Vo tekot na XX vek se izvr{eni brojni i mnogu poto~ni merewa od porane{nite, od XVII vek (@. Pikar) i XVIII vek (Buge, Kondemin, Maperti, Klero i dr.), koi prodolùvaat i vo najnovo vreme so kosmi~ki stanici (istra`ni sateliti). Osoben interes za formata i goleminata na Zemjata pretstavuvaat presmetkite na ruskiot nau~nik A.A. Izotov. Spored nego (1940), formata na elipsoidot (nare~en elipsoid na Krasovski) otstapuva od elipsoid na vrtewe i pove}e odgovara na triosen elipsoid. No, i elipsoidot na Krasovski e zemen da ima forma na elipsoid na vrtewe, bidej}i gi uprostuva presmetkite i dava rezultati koi se korisni vo praksata. Taka, geoidot ima forma na topka, koja e nezna~itelno splosnata na polovite, vo koja ekvatorijalniot polupre~nik e ednakov na 6 387 169 m, a polarniot polupre~nik e ednekov na 6 356 715 m (po podatocite od istra`nite sateliti ili sondi). Zemjata e topka so polupre~nik od 6 370 km. 37
G L A V A II _________________________________________________________________________ Sl. 10 Geografska kriva linija po povr{inata na zemjinata kora (po G. Ditrih). Povr{inata na Zemjata iznesuva 510 108 000 km 2 . Volumenot e ednakov na 10 831 012 km 3 . Cvrstata kora na Zemjata se karakterizira so mnogu ras~lenet reljef, so {to e definirana polo`bata na su{ata i moriwata. Najvisoka to~ka na Zemjata e planinata Everest, vo Himalaite, so viso~ina od 8 848 m, a najgolemi dlabo~ini se konstatirani vo Marinskata depresija (brazda) vo Tihiot Okean od 11 022 m. Na toj na~in, najgolemata amplituda vo reljefot na zemjinata povr{ina e pretstavena na hipsometri~ka kriva (sl. 10), na koja se prikaàni odnosite na povr{inite na Zemjata so razli~ni apsolutni viso~ini i dlabo~ini. Ova pretstavuva idealen profil na zemjinata povr{ina od koj se gleda deka na kopnoto dominiraat viso~ini pomali od 1 000 m (75 % od povr{inata), a vo okeanot dlabo~ini od 3 000 do 6 000 m. Srednata viso~ina na kontinentite e 840 m, a srednata dlabina vo okeanite okolu 3 800 m. Od 510 milioni km 2 od povr{inata na Zemjata, povr{inata pod okeanite iznesuva 361 milion km 2 (70.8 %), a kopnoto zazema samo 149 milioni km 2 . Planinskite tereni na kontinentite se pretstaveni vo vid na dva pojasa: edniot e okolu bregot na Tihot okean i gi opfa}a planinskite masivi na Isto~no-Aziskite ostrovi, Kordiljerite, Andite i Andite na Antarktikot. Najvisoka planina vo ovoj pojas se Akonkagva so viso~ina od 6 960 m. Vtoriot pojas gi opfa}a: Pirineite, Atlas, Alpite, Apeninite, Balkanite, Kavkaz, Pamir, Himalaite, 38
Page 1 and 2: UNIVERZITET "Sv. KIRIL I METODIJ" S
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