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G L A V A I _________________________________________________________________________ 1. POLO@BA NA ZEMJATA VO SONÊVIOT SISTEM I VO KOSMI^KIOT PROSTOR Prou~uvawata na geolozite se povrzani so Zemjata i nejzinite procesi. Geolo{kite procesi se povrzani so drugite kosmi~ki tela koi se nao|aat zaedno so Zemjata vo kosmi~koto prostranstvo. Zatoa nam ni e potrebno da ja prou~ime astronomskata polo`ba na na{ata planeta, za da doznaeme kako procesite {to se povrzani so vselenata vlijaat vrz geolo{kite procesi na Zemjata. Zemjata pretstavuva edna od devette planeti {to se vrtat okolu Sonceto. Sonceto pretstavuva samo edna od stotocite milijardi yvezdi {to se nao|aat vo Galaksijata na Mle~niot Pat. Se pretpostavuva deka sekoja od ogromniot broj na yvezdi isto taka moè da ima planeti. Sfa}awata za vrskata na Zemjata so drugite kosmi~ki tela vo vselenata ni dava mo`nost da ja pretstavime ranata istorija na na{ata planeta. Tie najrani etapi koga bile sozdadeni uslovi bliski do dene{note se vklu~eni vo geolo{kata istorija i se karakteristi~ni za periodot koga ve}e se formirala cvrsta zemjina kora. Spiralnata Galaksija na Mle~niot Pat pretstavuva edna od mnogute galaksii koi imaat razli~na golemina i forma i e sostavena od trilioni yvezdi. Spored podatocite {to se dobieni so opti~ki aparati i radioteleskopi, dijametarot na oddelni galaksii iznesuva stotici svetlosni godini (pribli`no edna svetlosna godina iznesuva 12 9 9 .6 10 km). Tie se oddale~eni od nas so milijardi ( 10 10 ) svetlosni godini. Dvièweto na telata vo vselenata e spored zakonot za gravitacija i po£etniot impuls na dvièwe na materijata od vremeto na golemata eksplozija - po£etokot na sozdavaweto na vselenata. Vo Mle~niot Pat so pomo{ na opti~ki instrumenti moàt da se vidat milioni yvezdi, dodeka so oko moè da se vidat okolu 6 000 yvezdi. Na{ata galaksija pretstavuva samo edna od mnogute galaksii rasfrlani vo vselenata na golemi rastojanija i se pogolemi od nivniot polupre~nik. Mnogu galaksii formiraat zaedni~ki grupi ili se zgusteni vo grupa i pravat supergalaksii. Starosta na na{ata galaksija dostiga 10 milijardi godini. Starosta na Sonceto e okolu 5 milijardi godini, a starosta na Zemjata e verojatno bliska do starosta na Sonceto (okolu 4.5 milijardi godini). Sonceto koe e sledeno od niza na planeti i so nivnite sateliti, pravi edno zavrtuvawe okolu centarot na Galaksijata za 250 milioni godini, dvièj}i se so brzina od 240 km/s. Ova dvièwe na yvezdite ja formira diskoidalnata spiralna forma na Galaksijata. 15
Sonce Planeti Pre£nik vo km Sredno rastojanie od Sonceto mil. km Period na vrtewe po orbitata Period na vrtewe okolu svojata oska Naklon na oskata na vrtewe Broj na sateliti (mese£ini) Relativna masa (masa na Zemjata) Gustina (gustina na vodata =1g/cm 3 ) Atmosfera Temperatura na povr{inata vo o S G L A V A I _________________________________________________________________________ Son~ev sistem. Vo sostavot na Son~eviot sistem vleguvaat: Sonceto, devet golemi planeti (Merkur, Venera, Zemja, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uran, Neptun i Pluton) so sateliti, nekolku iljadi mali planeti (asteroidi), kometi, masa od rasean gas i pra{ina, pri {to goleminata na cvrstite ~esti~ki - "pra{ina" - varira od delovi od milimetarot do desetici i stotici metri vo pre~nik. Ovie cvrsti ~esti£ki se poznati kako meteorski tela. êsto pati tie formiraat grupi koi se dviàt vo prostranstvoto (vselenata) po opredelena orbita i se poznati kako meteorski potoci. Son~eviot sistem e mnogu golem i vo pre£nik dostignuva 12 milijardi km. Svetlosniot zrak koj se rasprostranuva so brzina od 300 000 km/s, ja se~e za 11 ~asa. Osnovnite karakteristiki na planetite od Son~eviot sistem se prikaàni vo tabela I. Vzaemnata polo`ba na planetite vo Son~eviot sistem moè da se pretstavi so sledniot model: ako ja namalime Zemjata do razmer na top~e (od igla so top~e), toga{ Sonceto }e dobie golemina na fudbalska topka koja e oddale~ena od Zemjata na 15 m; toga{ Jupiter }e dobie golemina na zrno od gra{ok koe }e bide oddale~eno od "fudbalskata topka" na polovina kilometar. Vo ovoj razmer najbliskoto soyvezdie bi trebalo da se pretstavi so druga “fudbalska topka” na oddale~enost od 3 200 km. Relativnite golemini na planetite vo Son~eviot sistem se pretstaveni na sl. 3 (Relativna golemina na Sonceto i planetite). Tabela I. Son~ev sistem Sonce 1 391 000 25.38 dena 332 400 1.41 5 600 Merkur 4 880 57.9 88 dena 59 dena 28 o 0 0.055 5.4 Ne dewe 350, no}e 170 Venera 12 258 108.2 224.7 dena 243 dena 3 o 0 0.815 5.2 CO2 Oblaci 33 povr{.480 Zemja 12 756 149.6 365.26 den 23£.56’4’’ 23 o 27’ 1 1.000 5.52 H,O,CO2 Povr{. na po£va 22 Mars 6 774 227.9 687 dena 24£37’23’’ 23 o 59’ 2 0.108 3.9 CO2,Ar Cvrsta povr{. 23 Jupiter 142 800 778.3 11.86 god. 9£30’30’’ 3 0 05’ 13 317.9 1.314 H,He Oblaci 150 Saturn 120 000 1 427 29.46 god. 10£14’ 26 o 44’ 11 95.2 0.704 H,He Oblaci 180 Uran 51 800 2 870 84.01 god. 11£. (obr). 82 o 05’ 5 14.6 1.21 H,He,CH4 Oblaci 210 Neptun 49 500 4 497 164.8 god. 16£. 28 o 48’ 2 17.2 1.67 H,He,CH2 Oblaci 230 Pluton 5 800 5 900 247.7 god. 6dena 9£. ? 0 0.1(?) 2(?) Neistra`. 230(?) 16
Page 1 and 2: UNIVERZITET "Sv. KIRIL I METODIJ" S
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