Bradbrook - 2012 - Rice Farming complete with methods to increase ric

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Section 2: Basics of Rice Growing Part 4: Types of Rice Culture The methods by which rice is cultivated can be distinguished into four distinct types; 1. Irrigated lowland Also called paddy rice culture, irrigated lowland rice culture is the most common type used in vast areas of South, Southeast, and East Asia. Irrigated lowland rice refers to rice grown in bunded fields in low lying areas that obtain their water from irrigation canals that are sourced from bodies of water such as dams, rivers and lakes. Farmers can control the amount of water that is fed to the rice field. When sufficient rainfall is present to wet the fields, no irrigation is necessary. This system has benefited the most from research on varietal development and produetion practices including efforts in irrigation improvement through the construction of dams and channels that divert water to rice fields. Because of this, it has been possible for rice farmers to grow rice two times a year from the traditional one crop per year. Irrigated lowland rice culture can yield from 4 to 6 tons per hectare of rice. 2. Rainfed lowland Rainfed lowland rice is grown in low-lying valleys and deltas in tropical regions that benefit from the natural flooding that occurs during the monsoon season. It is the second most common system of rice production in South and Southeast Asia after irrigated lowland rice. The working definition for rainfed lowland rice, according to IRRI, is “It is rice, usually transplanted, that is grown in leveled, bunded fields that are shallowly flooded with rainwater.” This definition includes the practice by which lowland rice farmers collect rainwater in ditches then provide the water to the paddies during the absence of rain. However, there is sufficient crop loss in times of drought in this type of culture because no alternative water sources are available. Although the potential for improving production is very high, rainfed lowland rice culture has not been the focus of much research. Rice yields are generally from 2 to 3 tons per hectare. 3. Rainfed Upland Upland rice refers to rice grown in areas that rely only on rainwater (i.e. no irrigation) 9
ut does not experience long periods of flooding or submergence as in rainfed lowland rice. Rice farmers take advantage of frequent rainfall by planting in lowland areas and on the slopes of hills and mountains. Rainfall flows down from the top and is naturally collected in the rice paddies. Southeast Asia accounts for much of upland rice production, although it is also being practiced in South Asia and China. Because of its reliance on rainfall, the plants are usually subjected to periods of drought stress. As such, yield from upland rice culture can vary significantly for each growing cycle. Upland rice culture is also practiced in rotation with other crops, unlike the other types of rice culture. Rainfed upland culture yields rice at 1 to 2 tons per hectare. 4. Deepwater Deepwater rice is cultivated along low-lying areas in rivers, deltas, estuaries, and swamps. The practice is common in the tropical regions of Asia and in Sub-Saharan Africa. Generally, rice plants that are submerged to a depth of at least 50 cm for long periods are considered deepwater rice. In this type of culture, the rice farmer relies on rainfall and the natural flooding caused by the swelling of the bodies of water nearby. The farmer has no control of the amount of water available to the rice field, and there may be periods of drought and flood throughout the growing season. The rice plants must be able to tolerate being dry or being submerged for periods of time and to high levels of salinity (as in the case of flooding near estuaries). Deepwater culture yields 0.5 to 2 tons per hectare of rice. NOTE: The terms “upland” and “lowland” does not necessary refer to the topography or elevation of the planted rice. The more appropriate term would be “dryland” and “wetland”, respectively, because they refer to the surface hydrology of the soil in which the rice is planted. However, because the terms upland and lowland have been in use for so long, its use is not likely to change. Part 5: Assessing Climate, Soil and Water When considering whether to grow rice or not, and specifically which type of rice culture would be most appropriate for a given area, the farmer needs to carefully study the ecosystem in which the rice plant will be grown. Some points to consider include the following; 10
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temperatures. Key Check: Phosphorus
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2. Requires data-gathering skills:
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1. Sun drying This drying method is
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not commercially viable, b. Single
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Bradbrook - 2012 - Rice Farming complete with methods to increase ric

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