Bradbrook - 2012 - Rice Farming complete with methods to increase ric

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seeds and establish themselves even after the field is fiooded. Weedy rice is very competitive, and some species can even grow more vigorously than the rice itself. When allowed to mature and produce seeds, weedy rice can continue to be a nuisance in succeeding growing cycles. In transplanted fields, the fiooded conditions are a deterrent to weedy rice germination, and even when they do germinate the rice plants are already at a more competitive stage of growth. Rice fields can be more easily weeded at this point because weedy rice is easier to detect. Weedy rice has become a big problem in the major rice-producing regions of the world, including Asia and the Americas. b. Diseases Rice is susceptible to many fungal and bacterial diseases particularly those attacking the leaves and panicles. The disease-causing bacteria and fungi can be present in the field through many growing cycles and complete eradication is impossible. Planting rice varieties that are disease-resistant is the best option in combating disease occurrence in the field, but this may not be a permanent solution because new generations of fungi and bacteria that can overcome host resistance develop quickly. Several cultural management practices can be followed to minimize the occurrence and damage caused hy these diseases. c. Insect pests Insect pests are not only harmful because of the damage they cause to the rice plant, they can also act as vectors for viral diseases. Furthermore, the injury they cause to the plant serves as a point of entry for bacterial and fungal diseases. Even after harvest, if the field is not properly cleared, insects can feed on the debris or use them as shelter; thus allowing them to infect the next cropping cycle. Insect pests can attack rice at various stages of its development, so careful monitoring of any insect-related damage is essential in determining a course of action for their management. d. Socioeconomic factors Capital, land, labor, availability of input, and the level of knowledge are just some of the socioeconomic factors that determine whether growing rice will be a productive venture for any farmer. Many rice farms in Asia are maintained by 13
small farmers and their families who grow rice in less than one hectare of land. Profit from such a small space is minimal, although labor costs are irrelevant because family members are never paid for their work. Most of the operation such as planting and harvesting is done by hand or with the aid of an animal particularly during land preparation. Rice farming techniques are passed down from one generation to another. In developed countries such as those in Europe and the US, rice operation is completely mechanized: from land preparation to planting to harvesting. As such, growing rice in these countries would require higher capital and labor costs than growing rice in developing countries. Part 6: Tools, Equipment and Machinery Equipment and machinery used in rice production include those for land preparation, planting, harvesting, drying and storage. The use of equipment varies by region and economic factors. In poor farms in South and Southeast Asia, many farmers still use hand tools to prepare the land for rice planting. Other farmers attach land preparation implements to animals such as water buffalos and oxen to break up the soil. Two- and four-wheeled tractors make land preparation an easier and faster process. Planting and harvesting are also done either manually or with the aid of hand-powered equipment or tractors. In developed countries, the entire rice production process is mechanized and various tractors are used for land preparation. The following are the implements needed in the production of rice through the various stages of operation. Activity T ools/Equipment/Machinery Use/Purpose Land preparation tiller/cultivator, plow, harrow, leveling board to loosen and break up the soil into small clumps and level the land Planting seeder to transplant rice seedlings in rows; can be handoperated or motorized Harvesting harvester to separate the panicles from the plants 14
Page 1 and 2: T he in form ation w ithin this boo
Page 7 and 8: Section 4: Post-harvest Processing
Page 9 and 10: Top 20 rice producing countries in
Page 11 and 12: ut does not experience long periods
Page 13: ainfall. During the ripening stage,
Page 17 and 18: 3. Steps in land preparation 1 a. P
Page 19 and 20: point (i.e. >50m), it is advisable
Page 21 and 22: a. Genetically trae to its kind (of
Page 23 and 24: г c. Separate weed seeds and seeds
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Page 29 and 30: potential, whereas in the latter, t
Page 31 and 32: vegetative stage, water levels shou
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Page 35 and 36: The soil naturally contains nutrien
Page 37 and 38: 1 zinc sulfate while still in the n
Page 39 and 40: In both upland and lowland rice cul
Page 41 and 42: Combating disease attack involves h
Page 43 and 44: í The best time to apply fungicide
Page 45 and 46: 7. The Economic Threshold The econo
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Page 51 and 52: establish themselves. Some common-s
Page 53 and 54: . Mechanical control Use traps to c
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Page 57 and 58: the genetic yield potential of the
Page 59 and 60: 2. Befare planting: a. Establish ta
Page 61 and 62: temperatures. Key Check: Phosphorus
Page 63 and 64: 2. Requires data-gathering skills:
Page 65 and 66:
1. Sun drying This drying method is
Page 67 and 68:
’Г of the milled rice. If any bi
Page 69 and 70:
not commercially viable, b. Single
Page 71 and 72:
70
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production is typically lower than
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irrigation water is obtained from u
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The information within this book wi
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