Bradbrook - 2012 - Rice Farming complete with methods to increase ric

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4. Crop establishment Key Check: The recommended density for planting is 200 to 300 plants/m^. This can be achieved with 125 to 150 kg/ha of seeds for aerial sowing or 135 to 170 kg/ha for drill sowing. Plant density below 150 plants/m^ and above 300 plants/m^ reduces yield potential. The field should be flooded with 3 to 5 cm of water 7 days prior to sowing. 5. Crop protection Seedlings are susceptible to weed competition especially if they are directly seeded. It is important to have good knowledge of what weed species are common in the area (using data from other farmers or from previous seasons) to be able to apply the appropriate control measure when necessary. Regular inspection of the rice field particularly in the initial stages of growth is important. This also applies to insect pests and diseases. Key Check: Following IPM principles, the application of pesticides and herbicides should only be done to prevent economic yield loss. Key Check: Paddy water that has been sprayed should not be drained into public drainage systems within 21 to 28 days (or as recommended by local irrigation authorities) after the application of pesticides. 6. Crop nutrition Following best management practices for fertilization in rice plants, split application of nitrogen is recommended. Phosphorus is also added to the soil prior to sowing. Key Check: Pre-permanent water nitrogen Nitrogen is applied to the soil prior to flooding and sowing. The amount of nitrogen applied is based on variety, soil type, previous nitrogen applications, and the nitrogen from organic manure (e.g. legumes) incorporated into the soil during land preparation. The nitrogen should be sufficient enough so that at panicle initiation, the rice plants can absorb the nutrient in the recommended uptake range. Key Check: PI nitrogen Nitrogen is applied again at panicle initiation (PI) in preparation for grain development and filling. The amount applied is considerably less than the first application, generally it should not exceed 60 kg/ha. It is determined using fresh weight, NIR analysis, and cold risk. Nitrogen uptake is usually higher at high 59
temperatures. Key Check: Phosphorus Phosphorus fertilizer is added by drilling and incorporating into the soil before sowing the rice seeds. If soil analysis determines that the soil phosphorus level is below 20 mg/kg, 10 to 25 kg P/ha is applied. Key Check: Soil characteristics, crop vigor and growth variability, and land that need fertilizer and organic matter supplementation can be identified using maps (cut/fill area maps, electromagnetic maps, and aerial image maps). 7. Panicle initiation date Key Check: Achieve PI before January 10. In Australia, summer is from December to February, the ideal time for planting rice. Rice plants that reach panicle initiation before January 10 are at a lower risk of temperatures being low at the microspore and flowering stages. Therefore, it is important that sowing be done at the appropriate time. 8. Water management Key Check: Increasing the water depth to 20 to 25 cm during the microspore stage has been shown to increase grain yield and improve grain quality. The recommended water depths at each growth stage of rice are as follows: a. Establishment/sowing: 3 to 5 cm b. Mid-tillering (3 shoots per plant): 5 cm c. Late tillering: 5 to 10 cm d. Panicle initiation: 10 to 15 cm e. Microspore stage: 20 to 25 cm f. Flowering: >5 cm g. Lock-up (Ripening): as required h. Late dough stage: drain quickly, within 1 to 2 days 60
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Bradbrook - 2012 - Rice Farming complete with methods to increase ric

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