Bradbrook - 2012 - Rice Farming complete with methods to increase ric

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Section 3: Overview of Important Rice Production Technologies Part 13: Production technologies from the 1960s to the early 1990s (Green Revolution) The Green Revolution created high-yielding varieties (HYVs) that significantly increased rice yields and prevented famine in many rice-growing countries. However, HYVs required high inputs of inorganic fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides. While yields did increase, so too did pest outbreaks and the indiscriminate use of pesticides and herbicides. Such use led to increased pest resistance; the emergence of secondary pests; pollution of the air water, and soil; the deterioration of the health of farmers; and the loss of habitat and biodiversity. The realization of the serious environmental effects brought on by the Green Revolution led to the development of various production systems that focused on more sustainable and environmentally sound practices. Part 14: Integrated Pest Management System The Integrated Pest Management (IPM) system had its beginnings at the University of California in the USA a few years after the end of World War II. There, entomologists preached the “supervised control of insects” using “parasites and predators”. Supervised later became “integrated” to mean the combination of chemical and biological control measures. This system of insect pest management has been adapted by the FAO, which defines IPM as: “.. .the careful consideration of all available pest control techniques and subsequent integration of appropriate measures that discourage the development of pest populations and keep pesticides and other interventions to levels that are economically justified and reduce or minimize risks to human health and the environment. IPM emphasizes the growth of a healthy crop with the least possible disruption to agro-ecosystems and encourages natural pest control mechanisms.” The IPM is a step-by-step process that rice farmers can follow before, during, and after the growing cycle of their crop. 1. Prevention and suppression The best way to discourage pests is to create an environment where they cannot 49
establish themselves. Some common-sense practices include the following: a. Practice crop rotation or inter-cropping. Crop rotation is planting another crop after one cropping cycle of rice. This breaks the life cycle of rice pests. Intercropping is planting a different crop beside or near rice fields. Intercrops have several functions: they serve as alternate hosts for rice pests and/or hosts for their predators; they break the monotony of rice thereby preventing the spread of pests to other rice fields; and they are a supplementary source of income to the rice farmer. b. Use resistant or tolerant rice varieties from certified seeds. c. Use cultivation methods that promote healthy growth of rice seeds or seedlings such as sowing at the earliest possible time, sanitizing the nursery beds prior to seeding, proper spacing of seedlings during transplanting, land preparation practices that follow good water management principles, and the incorporation of organic matter to improve soil fertility. d. Observe proper sanitation and hygienic practices in an around the rice field such as removal of garbage, dead and infected plants or plant parts, and maintaining clean machinery and equipment. e. Protect and enhance beneficial organisms by providing ecological habitats for them in and around the rice field. f Follow proper fertilizer management, especially for nitrogen application. g. Synchronous planting of rice fields. 2. Detection and monitoring When pests are detected in the field, they should be carefully monitored. Monitoring may include using warning systems and early diagnostic tools to determine their levels or population and forecasting their threat to the crop. 2. Non-chemical control If the results of the monitoring reveal a low threat level, no pest control is done. If the threat level is above the economic threshold, then biological, physical and 50
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Bradbrook - 2012 - Rice Farming complete with methods to increase ric

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