Bradbrook - 2012 - Rice Farming complete with methods to increase ric

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process can be done. Harvested grain has a moisture content of between 20 and 25%. In the first stage of the two-stage drying process, the moisture content is first brought down to 18%. This can be accomplished at high temperatures of from 50 to 60°C. When the 18% moisture content is reached, the grains are cooled down or tempered for about four hours. Then they can be dried again at a lower temperature of 42°C to the desired moisture content (e.g. 14%). In recirculating batch dryers and continuous flow dryers, heating and tempering are done in the same system. Part 18: Paddy Storage Paddy storage refers to the storing of rough rice which has achieved the desired moisture content. 1. Sack storage In Asia, dried rough rice is usually stored in sacks made of woven plastic or jute at 40 or 80 kg weights. The sacks are then kept in a storage facility where they are placed on racks and stacked on top of each other. 2. Bulk storage Some farmers store their rough rice in bulk in small wooden granaries on the farm or near their houses. Others use containers such as woven baskets or those made of concrete, wood, or metal, which are then stored inside or under their houses. In developed countries or large commercial operations, rough rice is usually stored in bulk in metal or concrete silos which have capacities of from 20 to 2000 tons. The advantage of storing rough rice in silos is that grain wastage is minimized and the structure can be easily fumigated if there is an infestation. However, silos are not popular in tropical countries because hotspots, which encourage mold growth, can develop inside. 3. Hermetic storage In this type of storage, rough rice is poured into airtight containers such as those made of different types of plastic (e.g. PVC and polyethylene). When storing rough rice in sacks, they can first be placed inside thick polyethylene bags. The bags are tightly sealed then placed in the sack. The airtight condition in hermetic storage helps the grains retain their moisture content, thereby maintaining or even improving the quality 65
’Г of the milled rice. If any biological organisms get trapped inside, their respiratory activities will soon deplete the oxygen supply and they will suffocate and die. Rough rice stored hermetically can retain their favorable qualities over longer periods (e.g. more than 8 months) even if their moisture content would normally allow only a few short months. 4. Storage problems a. Pests and microbial growth The most common storage insect pests of rice are the rice weevil, grain moth and grain borer. The adult rice weevil is responsible for grain damage, whereas the larvae of the moth and borer are the grain eaters. Two species oí Aspergillus and Pénicillium are the main storage fungi that cause damage to rice grains. They are present everywhere, but if their spores are packed with the grains and the temperature and moisture levels are high (>65%), they can multiply quickly. Fungal infections result in grains with that germinate poorly, have low vigor and grain quality. Besides these problems, fungi also produce poisonous mycotoxins. Temperature and moisture control is very important in preventing fungal development. Under storage conditions, the most important rodent pests are the black rat, the common rat, and the house mouse. Rodents not only feed on the grains, they also damage materials and equipment used in rice production and can transmit diseases such as typhoid and scabies to humans. The best way to prevent storage pests from attacking the grains is to maintain good storage hygiene by clearing the area in and around the storage facility of garbage and other materials that may provide shelter or breeding areas for pests. Make sure that the facility is properly sealed with no entry and exit points for insects and rodents. Maintain ambient temperatures and low relative humidity inside the facility. Regularly inspect the grains (or their containers) for signs of infestation such as holes in the sacks, partially eaten grains, and droppings. b. Moisture migration Grains stored in metal bins such as silos are susceptible to moisture migration especially in regions with seasonal variations in air temperature. In temperate 66
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T he in form ation w ithin this boo
Page 7 and 8:
Section 4: Post-harvest Processing
Page 9 and 10:
Top 20 rice producing countries in
Page 11 and 12:
ut does not experience long periods
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ainfall. During the ripening stage,
Page 15 and 16: small farmers and their families wh
Page 17 and 18: 3. Steps in land preparation 1 a. P
Page 19 and 20: point (i.e. >50m), it is advisable
Page 21 and 22: a. Genetically trae to its kind (of
Page 23 and 24: г c. Separate weed seeds and seeds
Page 25 and 26: ice seeds germinate with weed seeds
Page 27 and 28: г are planted just under the line
Page 29 and 30: potential, whereas in the latter, t
Page 31 and 32: vegetative stage, water levels shou
Page 33 and 34: г с. Macronutrients and their rol
Page 35 and 36: The soil naturally contains nutrien
Page 37 and 38: 1 zinc sulfate while still in the n
Page 39 and 40: In both upland and lowland rice cul
Page 41 and 42: Combating disease attack involves h
Page 43 and 44: í The best time to apply fungicide
Page 45 and 46: 7. The Economic Threshold The econo
Page 47 and 48: The pedal thresher is a hand-operat
Page 49 and 50: г I*
Page 51 and 52: establish themselves. Some common-s
Page 53 and 54: . Mechanical control Use traps to c
Page 55 and 56: 1. Claims o f SRI: a. Results in hi
Page 57 and 58: the genetic yield potential of the
Page 59 and 60: 2. Befare planting: a. Establish ta
Page 61 and 62: temperatures. Key Check: Phosphorus
Page 63 and 64: 2. Requires data-gathering skills:
Page 65: 1. Sun drying This drying method is
Page 69 and 70: not commercially viable, b. Single
Page 71 and 72: 70
Page 73 and 74: production is typically lower than
Page 75 and 76: irrigation water is obtained from u
Page 77 and 78: 76
Page 79 and 80: 78
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Page 83: The information within this book wi
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Bradbrook - 2012 - Rice Farming complete with methods to increase ric

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