Bradbrook - 2012 - Rice Farming complete with methods to increase ric

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nonchemical control methods should first be employed before resorting to the use of pesticides. a. Biological control There are hundreds of natural enemies of insect pests of rice, particularly in the tropics. It is best to check with the local agricultural office regarding which natural enemies are present in the area to be planted with rice and whether introduction of a natural enemy is advisable. Examples of natural enemies of insect pests of rice: Insect pest Natural enemies Nature of attack stem borers Meadow grasshoppers egg predator Tetrastichus schoenobii Ferriere Cotesia flavipes Cameron Lady beetles Wolf spiders and water bugs egg parasitoid larval and pupal parasitoid larval and pupal predator adult predators Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin adult fungal pathogen leafhoppers and Oligosita yasiunatsui Viggiani et egg parasitoid planthoppers Subba Rao leaffolders Green mired bug Pseiidogonatopus spp. Wolf spiders and water bugs Metarhizium anisopliae Copidosomopsis nacoleiae (Eady) Crickets {Amixipha longipeimis) Gonioziis nr. tr angui {far Kieffer Ground beetles Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner egg predator nymph and adult parasitoid nymph and adult predators adult fungal pathogen egg parasitoid egg predator larval and pupal parasitoids larval predator larvae fungal pathogen 51
. Mechanical control Use traps to catch rodents, erect barriers around the field to deter fiarther attack, and hand pick pests whenever possible. 4. Pesticide use When nonchemical methods fail to control the pests, pesticides should be applied. However, application should be at the lowest dose possible and it should specifically target the pest in question. Furthermore, pesticides should have minimal side effects on humans and other organisms. It should also have a limited effect on the environment. Pesticide application should be limited to the area where the pests are detected. Broadcast spraying of pesticides should be done as a last resort. 5. Monitoring the success o f pesticide application After applying pesticides, the pest population should be monitored. The goal is not complete eradication, which is usually not possible, but a reduction in the number to manageable levels. Limitations o f IPM Although IPM provides a lot of benefits from the reduced number of pesticide applications, there are limitations in its application as well. 1. Knowledge of pests and pesticides required IPM requires that the farmer has extensive knowledge of rice pests and the specific pesticides used for their control. This may be easy for experienced rice farmers but not for those who are new to growing rice. Poor rice farmers also may not have access to current control information. 52
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Bradbrook - 2012 - Rice Farming complete with methods to increase ric

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