Bradbrook - 2012 - Rice Farming complete with methods to increase ric

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Section 1: Introduction to Rice Production Part 1: Brief History of Rice Cultivation Rice is one of the three most important crops in the world (the other two being com and wheat). An estimated 3.5 billion people, more than half of the world’s population, consume rice as a staple food. It is grown in every continent except Antarctica and is the source of livelihood for more than one billion people. Ninety percent of rice production is concentrated in Asia, where rice is grown in roughly 200 million, mostly small-scale (less than 1 ha), rice farms. Two species of rice are currently cultivated: Oryza sativa, or Asian rice, and Oryza glaberrima, or African rice. The former is the most common species grown worldwide, whereas the latter’s cultivation is limited to West Africa, from where it is believed to have originated. Archaeological evidence has revealed that the cultivation of rice {O. sativa) began along the middle Yangtze and upper Huai rivers in China. Rice and farm tools more than 8000 years old were discovered there. From these rivers, the practice is thought to have moved downwards to Thailand in the next 2000 years. But older evidence of rice as a food source exists. Remains of rice plants dating back to 10,000 B.C. were found in Spirit Cave on the border of Thailand and Myanmar. Pieces of pottery with printings of rice grains and husks believed to be 4,000 years old were also discovered in Non Nok Tha, Korat, Thailand. From Thailand, rice cultivation spread throughout South and Southeast Asia. The armies of Alexander the Great are credited for bringing rice to Europe in 300 B.C through West Asia and Greece. Traders from India and Indonesia brought rice to East Africa in 800 A.D. There are two different versions of how rice arrived in North America. One version is that African slaves brought rice with them when they arrived in the southern United States; in the other version, a ship captain is said to have given rice to colonizers in the Carolinas in exchange for repairs to his damaged ship. Portugal and Spain were instrumental in bringing rice to South America. Portugal introduced rice to Brazil, whereas Spain introduced it to the rest of South and Central America. There is little information on the history of the cultivation of O. glaberrima. It is genetically descended from O. barthii, which can still be found growing wild in Africa. Evidence points to its earliest domestication in the Upper Niger River’s inland delta 2000 to 3000 years ago. Whereas O. sativa has extended its range of cultivation to most continents, O. glaberrima has remained limited to West Africa. The reason for its limitation has been attributed to the species’ lower grain quality compared to the more superior Asian rice, although it exhibits better tolerance to environmental stresses and some pests and diseases. Recent breeding efforts by African scientists between O. glaberrima and O. sativa have resulted in a variety
Top 20 rice producing countries in the world (2010): 1. China ( 197.2 M metric tons) 2. India (120. 6 M metric tons) 3. Indonesia (66.4 M metric tons) 4. Bangladesh (49.3 M metric tons) 5. Vietnam (39.9 M metric tons) 6. Burma (33.2 M metric tons) 7. Thailand (31.5 M metric tons) 8. Philippines ( 15.7 M metric tons) 9. Brazil (11.3 M metric tons) 10. United States (11.0 M metric tons) 11. Japan (10.6 M metric tons) 12. Cambodia (8.2 M metric tons) 13. Pakistan (7.2 M metric tons) 14. South Korea (6.1 M metric tons) 15. Madagascar (4.7 M metric tons) 16. Egypt (4.3 M metric tons) 17. Sri Lanka (4.3 M metric tons) 18. Nepal (4.0 M metric tons) 19. Nigeria (3.2 M metric tons) 20. Laos (3.0 M metric tons) Source: FAO.org 8
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temperatures. Key Check: Phosphorus
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2. Requires data-gathering skills:
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1. Sun drying This drying method is
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Bradbrook - 2012 - Rice Farming complete with methods to increase ric

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