Bradbrook - 2012 - Rice Farming complete with methods to increase ric

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ii. Cover the soil surface with plastic sheeting or other impermeable material. This will help keep the germination medium moist and keep the seedlings from developing roots into the soil underneath. iii. Frame the edges of the nursery bed with slabs of wood or other materials that are at least 4 cm in height. This is to prevent run-off of seeds and leaks when the bed surface is watered. iv. Cover the sheet with a layer of soil either from the rice field or with a specially prepared mixture of soil, manure, and water. Four cubic meters of germination medium for every 100 sq m of nursery area is needed. V. Pre-germinate the seeds to be planted by immersing them in water for 24 hours. vi. You need 12 to 25 kg of seeds (at 80% germination) for every hectare of field to be planted if the planting rate is 1 to 2 seedlings per hill 20 cm apart. The closer the planting space, the more seeds required. vii. Drain the water and keep the seeds moist by wrapping them in a waterabsorbent material such as cloth. Allow the seeds to germinate for another 24 hours. viii. Spread the pre-germinated seeds uniformly on the nursery bed in a single layer. Cover the seeds with a light layer of soil. ix. Keep the seeds moist by watering the beds twice a day. X. Seedlings are ready for transplanting after 15 to 20 days. xi. If planting manually, cut out manageable slabs of the seedlings and bring them to the field to be planted. xii. If planting using a tractor cut out larger slabs and place on the planter tray. c. Planting the seedlings To prepare for transplanting, the rice paddy is usually watered 24 hours prior to planting. The paddy should be saturated but not flooded. Seedlings can be transplanted in the rice paddy either randomly or in straight rows at depths of between 1.5 and 3.0 cm and at 3 to 6 seedlings per hill. In random planting, seedlings are manually planted anywhere with no set distance between plants. When planting in straight rows, lines are used as planting guides. The line can be made of metal wire, twine or wood. It is secured at both ends of the paddy by removable pegs. Seedlings 25
г are planted just under the line at a set distance (e.g. 20 cm apart). When one row has been planted, the pegs are moved at a set distance (e.g. 20 cm) then more seedlings are planted. The process is repeated until the entire paddy has been planted. Extra rice seedlings are planted along the sides, near the levees, to be used to replace seedlings that die within the rows. This is usually done ten days after the initial planting. Manually operated or motor-powered planters make straight-row planting faster and easier. Whether done manually or with the use of planters, transplanting is carried out by working backwards on the rice paddy. The advantages of planting in straight rows are quite obvious; 1) planting space is optimized; and 2) cultural management practices such as weeding, fertilizing and application of pesticides and herbicides are easier to perform. d. Planting distance When transplanting, there is no standard distance between hills that must be observed. Rather, the season of planting, the level of fertility in the soil, and the rice variety determines the distance. Proper spacing increases grain yield because, among other factors, it limits the chances of shading among rice plants (mutual shading), which allows the plants to maximize their photosynthetic activity. i. Variety Rice varieties that grow tall, produce many leaves and tillers, and are more prone to lodging should be spaced far apart. On the other hand, short varieties that are not sensitive to photoperiod and do not lodge should be spaced close together. ii. Season When planting during the dry season, both tall and short varieties should be spaced closer together because solar radiation is higher. During the wet season, plants tend to have more vegetative growth, planting them farther apart can prevent mutual shading. iii. Soil fertility In terms of soil fertility, both tall and short varieties should be planted farther apart in fertile soils to prevent mutual shading. In poor soils, the seedlings can be spaced closer together because tillering is more common.
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Page 7 and 8: Section 4: Post-harvest Processing
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Page 43 and 44: í The best time to apply fungicide
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Bradbrook - 2012 - Rice Farming complete with methods to increase ric

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